CCD see Calcite compensation depth
(CCD)
CDOM see Gelbstoff
CDW see Circumpolar Deep Water
(CDW)
Cenozoic
calcium compensation depth, 342
climate, 411–422
climate change, 411, 523
mechanisms, 420–421
neodymium isotope ratios, 130F
strontium isotope ratios, 128F, 129–130
Central Equatorial Pacific, nitric oxide,
591, 592
Cerium, 39, 40, 41T
anomaly, 42–45
defining equation, 42–43
vertical profiles, 42–43, 46F
dissolved, vertical profiles, 41, 44F
isotopes, 40
redox reaction, 42–45
see also Rare earth elements (REEs)
Cesium, 303
Cesium-137 (137Cs)
nuclear fuel reprocessing, 292, 293T,
294, 295–296
CFA see Carbonate fluoroapatite
CFCs see Chlorofluorocarbon(s) (CFCs)
Chalk
formation, 342–344
Changjiang (Yantze River), hypoxia, 309
Chemical erosion, 341
Chemical lysocline, 340
Chemical Manufacturers Association
(CMA), 155–156
Chemical tracers, 513
inert, 188
model constraints, 519–520
modeling, mixing estimation and, 193
reactive, 188–190
submarine groundwater discharge,
469–471
see also Tracer budgets
Chemical weathering
Cenozoic
carbonate minerals, 524
FranÆ(c)s’, 526
Raymo’s, 525, 526
Walker’s, 524–525, 526
silicate minerals, 524
air temperature dependency, 524–525
flux model, 530, 531F
Himalayan uplift and, 525–526
rates, 525
of phosphorus from bedrock, 567, 568F
Chemolithoautotrophy, 543
see also Nitrification
Chemosynthesis, 379
see also Deep-sea ridges, microbiology;
Hydrothermal vent biota;
Hydrothermal vent chimneys;
Hydrothermal vent ecology;
Hydrothermal vent fauna,
physiology of
Chernobyl accident, 294
radioactive waste, 303
Chesapeake Bay
atmospheric input of metals, 282, 282T
nitrogen, atmospheric input, 284T
Chitin, 118
Chitosan, 118
Chloride (Cl
À
)
concentration in river water, 14T
concentration in sea water, 14T
Chloride metal complexes, 75
Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 163–174
coastal ocean, 167–173
history, 165
marine environment, distribution in,
165–166
early 1970s, 165–166
1980s to present day, 166–167
open ocean, 166–167
structures, 164F
trends in concentrations, 173, 173T
Chlorinated pesticides, 163
environmental concerns, 163
human health concerns, 163
Chlorine, cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
oceanic production, 226
oceanic sources, 227T
reservoir concentrations, 228, 228T
specific radioactivity, 229T
Chlorine-36, cosmogenic isotopes,
production rates, 227T
Chlorinity
determination, 13
salinity and, 13
Chlorobiphenyl congeners, 163
depth profile in sea water, 166, 169F
lobster, 169–170
Chlorofluorocarbon(s) (CFCs)
atmospheric source, 155–156
chemical structures, 155
circulation tracers, 514–515, 515
distribution, 155
estuaries, gas exchange, 477
nuclear fuel reprocessing, 293–294
tracer applications, 231
uses, 155
Chlorofluorocarbon(s) (CFCs), in oceans,
155–162
age, 157–159
calculations, 157–159
caveats, 159–160
CFC-11/CFC-12 ratio, 158–159, 160F
analytical techniques, 156
applications, 160–161
biogeochemical processes, 162
model constraints, 161–162
thermohaline circulation, 161
upper ocean circulation, 161
chemical stability, 156
gas flux, 156–157
oceanic distribution, 157
solubility, 156–157
surface saturation, 157
tracers, 155
Chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11)
chemical stability, 156
oceanic distribution/profile
Atlantic, 188F
eastern Atlantic, 157, 159F
North Atlantic, 157, 158F
North Pacific, 157158F
Chlorofluorocarbon-12 (CFC-12)
chemical stability, 156
oceanic distribution
North Atlantic, 157, 158F
North Pacific, 157158F
Chlorophyll
concentration
polonium-210 and, 219F, 219
Choshui (Taiwan), river discharge, 458T
Chromium (Cr), 64, 65–66, 71
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
depth profile, 66F, 66
oxic vs. anoxic waters, 66
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter
(CDOM), 594
see also Gelbstoff
Ci, definition, 212
Circulation see Ocean circulation
Circulation tracers, 514–515
Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW)
radiocarbon, 241–242
Citandy, Indonesia
dissolved loads, 462T
river discharge, 460
Clay(s), 333–335
Clay minerals, 346–354
autochthonous processes, 348–350
climate and, 346
coastal margins, 346
composition, 346
distribution, 346–348
ferriferous granules, 350
formation, 348–350
glaucony formation, 351F
organic matter, 350–352
paleoenvironmental aspects, 352–353
climate, 352–353
currents, 353
marine currents, 347–348
orbital correlation, 354T
oxygen isotope ratios and, 353F
Quaternary degradation, 351F
tectonic activity, 348–349
time sensitivity, 352
river inputs, 14
vertical profile, 349F
see also Illite; Smectites
CLE/CSV see Competitive ligand
equilibration/adsorptive cathode
stripping voltammetry
Climate change
Cenozoic, 411, 411–422
mechanisms, 420–421
coral-based paleoclimate research,
426–428, 428–430, 428F, 429F
Climatic warming see Global warming
Clinoptilite, 332–333
diagenetic reactions, 333T
Cloud(s)
cover, coral-based paleoclimate research,
424T, 425–426
movement, d
18 O values and, 412F, 412,
413F
610
Index
(CCD)
CDOM see Gelbstoff
CDW see Circumpolar Deep Water
(CDW)
Cenozoic
calcium compensation depth, 342
climate, 411–422
climate change, 411, 523
mechanisms, 420–421
neodymium isotope ratios, 130F
strontium isotope ratios, 128F, 129–130
Central Equatorial Pacific, nitric oxide,
591, 592
Cerium, 39, 40, 41T
anomaly, 42–45
defining equation, 42–43
vertical profiles, 42–43, 46F
dissolved, vertical profiles, 41, 44F
isotopes, 40
redox reaction, 42–45
see also Rare earth elements (REEs)
Cesium, 303
Cesium-137 (137Cs)
nuclear fuel reprocessing, 292, 293T,
294, 295–296
CFA see Carbonate fluoroapatite
CFCs see Chlorofluorocarbon(s) (CFCs)
Chalk
formation, 342–344
Changjiang (Yantze River), hypoxia, 309
Chemical erosion, 341
Chemical lysocline, 340
Chemical Manufacturers Association
(CMA), 155–156
Chemical tracers, 513
inert, 188
model constraints, 519–520
modeling, mixing estimation and, 193
reactive, 188–190
submarine groundwater discharge,
469–471
see also Tracer budgets
Chemical weathering
Cenozoic
carbonate minerals, 524
FranÆ(c)s’, 526
Raymo’s, 525, 526
Walker’s, 524–525, 526
silicate minerals, 524
air temperature dependency, 524–525
flux model, 530, 531F
Himalayan uplift and, 525–526
rates, 525
of phosphorus from bedrock, 567, 568F
Chemolithoautotrophy, 543
see also Nitrification
Chemosynthesis, 379
see also Deep-sea ridges, microbiology;
Hydrothermal vent biota;
Hydrothermal vent chimneys;
Hydrothermal vent ecology;
Hydrothermal vent fauna,
physiology of
Chernobyl accident, 294
radioactive waste, 303
Chesapeake Bay
atmospheric input of metals, 282, 282T
nitrogen, atmospheric input, 284T
Chitin, 118
Chitosan, 118
Chloride (Cl
À
)
concentration in river water, 14T
concentration in sea water, 14T
Chloride metal complexes, 75
Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 163–174
coastal ocean, 167–173
history, 165
marine environment, distribution in,
165–166
early 1970s, 165–166
1980s to present day, 166–167
open ocean, 166–167
structures, 164F
trends in concentrations, 173, 173T
Chlorinated pesticides, 163
environmental concerns, 163
human health concerns, 163
Chlorine, cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
oceanic production, 226
oceanic sources, 227T
reservoir concentrations, 228, 228T
specific radioactivity, 229T
Chlorine-36, cosmogenic isotopes,
production rates, 227T
Chlorinity
determination, 13
salinity and, 13
Chlorobiphenyl congeners, 163
depth profile in sea water, 166, 169F
lobster, 169–170
Chlorofluorocarbon(s) (CFCs)
atmospheric source, 155–156
chemical structures, 155
circulation tracers, 514–515, 515
distribution, 155
estuaries, gas exchange, 477
nuclear fuel reprocessing, 293–294
tracer applications, 231
uses, 155
Chlorofluorocarbon(s) (CFCs), in oceans,
155–162
age, 157–159
calculations, 157–159
caveats, 159–160
CFC-11/CFC-12 ratio, 158–159, 160F
analytical techniques, 156
applications, 160–161
biogeochemical processes, 162
model constraints, 161–162
thermohaline circulation, 161
upper ocean circulation, 161
chemical stability, 156
gas flux, 156–157
oceanic distribution, 157
solubility, 156–157
surface saturation, 157
tracers, 155
Chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11)
chemical stability, 156
oceanic distribution/profile
Atlantic, 188F
eastern Atlantic, 157, 159F
North Atlantic, 157, 158F
North Pacific, 157158F
Chlorofluorocarbon-12 (CFC-12)
chemical stability, 156
oceanic distribution
North Atlantic, 157, 158F
North Pacific, 157158F
Chlorophyll
concentration
polonium-210 and, 219F, 219
Choshui (Taiwan), river discharge, 458T
Chromium (Cr), 64, 65–66, 71
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
depth profile, 66F, 66
oxic vs. anoxic waters, 66
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter
(CDOM), 594
see also Gelbstoff
Ci, definition, 212
Circulation see Ocean circulation
Circulation tracers, 514–515
Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW)
radiocarbon, 241–242
Citandy, Indonesia
dissolved loads, 462T
river discharge, 460
Clay(s), 333–335
Clay minerals, 346–354
autochthonous processes, 348–350
climate and, 346
coastal margins, 346
composition, 346
distribution, 346–348
ferriferous granules, 350
formation, 348–350
glaucony formation, 351F
organic matter, 350–352
paleoenvironmental aspects, 352–353
climate, 352–353
currents, 353
marine currents, 347–348
orbital correlation, 354T
oxygen isotope ratios and, 353F
Quaternary degradation, 351F
tectonic activity, 348–349
time sensitivity, 352
river inputs, 14
vertical profile, 349F
see also Illite; Smectites
CLE/CSV see Competitive ligand
equilibration/adsorptive cathode
stripping voltammetry
Climate change
Cenozoic, 411, 411–422
mechanisms, 420–421
coral-based paleoclimate research,
426–428, 428–430, 428F, 429F
Climatic warming see Global warming
Clinoptilite, 332–333
diagenetic reactions, 333T
Cloud(s)
cover, coral-based paleoclimate research,
424T, 425–426
movement, d
18 O values and, 412F, 412,
413F
610
Index