Carbonate (CO 3
2À
)
accumulation flux during Cenozoic, 526,
526F
model, 531F
dissolution in pore water, 384T
in oceanic carbon cycle, 496–497
pump, 499F, 503F, 504
rocks, chemical weathering, 524
sediments
land-sea carbon flux and, 491
sediments, Cenozoic, 526–527, 527F
organic carbon and, 527F
Carbonate compensation depth (CCD),
340F
paleological record, 342, 344F
Carbonate critical depth (CCrD), 339
Carbonate fluoroapatite (CFA), 328
as phosphorus sink, 576
Carbonate lysocline, 340
Carbonate metal complexes, 75
Carbonate oozes, 336, 337F
Carbon cycle, 514F, 495–504
biological pump, 499F, 502, 502F, 533
carbonate, 499F, 503F, 504
contribution of POC vs. DOC,
502–503
factors affecting efficiency, 502–503
community structure, 504
nutrient supply, 503–504
iron fertilization and, 100, 108–109,
108F, 109, 109F
box models, 516–517, 517F, 528–529,
529F, 530–531
refinements, 517
Cenozoic changes and associated
processes, 523–525, 525–526
carbonate accumulation, 526F, 526
Himalayan uplift, 525–526, 527
long-term regulation of atmospheric
CO 2 , 524–525
lysocline, 526F, 526, 531
organic carbon subcycle, 526–528,
527F
strontium isotopic ratio, 525–526,
525F, 531
weathering see Chemical weathering
global, 495–496
gas hydrates and, 496F
research programs, 496
intermediate complexity models,
517–518
inverse models, 518
models, 520–521
Cenozoic oceans, 523–532
inverse (isotopic data use), 527F,
530–531
role of, 531
oceanic, 497–498
solubility/exchange of CO 2 between
ocean/atmosphere, 498
carbon redistribution and, 499–502
oceanic circulation and, 499–502
ocean structure and, 498–499
solubility pump and, 498–499, 499F
see also Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) cycle;
Carbon system; Primary production
measurement methods; Primary
production processes
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 )
anthropogenic, 495–496, 497F
anthropogenic emission perturbations,
487, 489F, 490–491
atmospheric
dissolved inorganic carbon and, 513
global warming and, 513
nutrient utilization and, 516–517
atmospheric-coastal water flux, 491F
Cenozoic
indicators of, 523F, 523
long-term regulation, 524–525
dissolved
depth profiles, estuarine sediments,
450F
estuarine sediments, 450F
oceanic carbon cycle, 496–497
transfer to atmosphere, 498, 500F
effect on pH, 409
effects of coccolithophores, 407
estuaries, gas exchange in, 479,
479T
gas analyzer, 506
greenhouse effect and, 438
ionogenic, calcite dissolution, 341
photochemical flux, spectral dependence
of, 97F
photochemical production, 92F, 93
physical state at various pressures/
temperatures, 318, 319F
radiocarbon, measurement of, 238
solubility in sea water, 498
sources, 507–509
primary, 315
transfer across air-water interface,
498, 498F
solubility pump, 499–502, 499F,
500F
transfer coefficient, 476
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) cycle, 505–512
atmospheric change, implications of,
505
biological utilization, 507
history, 506
industrial emission rate, 505
methods, 506–507
sinks, 507–509
sources, 507–509
units, 505–506
see also Carbon cycle; Carbon dioxide
(CO 2 ); Primary production
processes
Carbon disulfide (CS 2 )
Air–sea transfer, 585–586
photochemical oxidation, 94, 585
Carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ), in oceanic
carbon cycle, 497
Carbon isotope ratios (d
13 C)
ancient soil carbonate measurements,
523, 526–527, 527F
coral-based paleoclimate records,
424–425, 424T, 426
cloud cover and upwelling, 425–426
long-term tracer applications, 124
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Air–sea transfer, 589T, 593–595
atmospheric sources and sinks, 595T
estuaries, gas exchange in, 480
photochemical flux, spectral dependence
of, 97F
photochemical production, 92F, 93, 96F
Carbon sequestration by direct injection,
315–321
carbon’s effect on pH, 315–316, 316F
CO 2 from power plants/factories, 316
effectiveness, 317–318
atmospheric CO 2 , 317, 317T
computer modeling studies, 317
net retention over time, 317, 318F
outgassing timescale, 317
use of tracers, 317
factors favoring oceanic methods, 315
injection methods, 318–320, 319F
bypassing equilibration timescale,
319–320
CO 2 lake, 318–319
hydrate reactor, 318
introduction to outflows, 318
rising droplet plume, 318
sinking plume, 319
interest in technology, 315
local impacts and public perception, 320
effects of pH and CO 2 changes, 320
focus of studies, 320
inclusion in research/debate, 320
significance of impacts, 320
ocean capacity, 316–317
carbonate system, 316
effects of long travel times, 316
effects of short travel times, 316
impacts on deep-ocean environments,
316–317
storage capacity, 316
target stabilization of CO 2 , 315
terrestrial methods, 315
Carbon system, modeling, 513–522
3D biogeochemical simulations,
519–520
intermediate complexity/inverse models,
517–518
ocean circulation and biogeochemical
models, 515–517
ocean tracers and dynamics, 515
as research tools, 520–521
thermocline models, 518–519, 518F
see also Carbon cycle
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), 155
chemical stability, 156
solubility, 156–157
Carbonyl sulfide (COS)
Air–sea transfer, 585
estuaries, gas exchange in, 480
photochemical flux, spectral dependence
of, 97F
photochemical oxidation, 585
photochemical production, 92F, 92
Cargo ships see World fleet
B,B-Carotene, structure, 115F
Carotenoids, 114
Catabolic, definition, 481
Index
609
2À
)
accumulation flux during Cenozoic, 526,
526F
model, 531F
dissolution in pore water, 384T
in oceanic carbon cycle, 496–497
pump, 499F, 503F, 504
rocks, chemical weathering, 524
sediments
land-sea carbon flux and, 491
sediments, Cenozoic, 526–527, 527F
organic carbon and, 527F
Carbonate compensation depth (CCD),
340F
paleological record, 342, 344F
Carbonate critical depth (CCrD), 339
Carbonate fluoroapatite (CFA), 328
as phosphorus sink, 576
Carbonate lysocline, 340
Carbonate metal complexes, 75
Carbonate oozes, 336, 337F
Carbon cycle, 514F, 495–504
biological pump, 499F, 502, 502F, 533
carbonate, 499F, 503F, 504
contribution of POC vs. DOC,
502–503
factors affecting efficiency, 502–503
community structure, 504
nutrient supply, 503–504
iron fertilization and, 100, 108–109,
108F, 109, 109F
box models, 516–517, 517F, 528–529,
529F, 530–531
refinements, 517
Cenozoic changes and associated
processes, 523–525, 525–526
carbonate accumulation, 526F, 526
Himalayan uplift, 525–526, 527
long-term regulation of atmospheric
CO 2 , 524–525
lysocline, 526F, 526, 531
organic carbon subcycle, 526–528,
527F
strontium isotopic ratio, 525–526,
525F, 531
weathering see Chemical weathering
global, 495–496
gas hydrates and, 496F
research programs, 496
intermediate complexity models,
517–518
inverse models, 518
models, 520–521
Cenozoic oceans, 523–532
inverse (isotopic data use), 527F,
530–531
role of, 531
oceanic, 497–498
solubility/exchange of CO 2 between
ocean/atmosphere, 498
carbon redistribution and, 499–502
oceanic circulation and, 499–502
ocean structure and, 498–499
solubility pump and, 498–499, 499F
see also Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) cycle;
Carbon system; Primary production
measurement methods; Primary
production processes
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 )
anthropogenic, 495–496, 497F
anthropogenic emission perturbations,
487, 489F, 490–491
atmospheric
dissolved inorganic carbon and, 513
global warming and, 513
nutrient utilization and, 516–517
atmospheric-coastal water flux, 491F
Cenozoic
indicators of, 523F, 523
long-term regulation, 524–525
dissolved
depth profiles, estuarine sediments,
450F
estuarine sediments, 450F
oceanic carbon cycle, 496–497
transfer to atmosphere, 498, 500F
effect on pH, 409
effects of coccolithophores, 407
estuaries, gas exchange in, 479,
479T
gas analyzer, 506
greenhouse effect and, 438
ionogenic, calcite dissolution, 341
photochemical flux, spectral dependence
of, 97F
photochemical production, 92F, 93
physical state at various pressures/
temperatures, 318, 319F
radiocarbon, measurement of, 238
solubility in sea water, 498
sources, 507–509
primary, 315
transfer across air-water interface,
498, 498F
solubility pump, 499–502, 499F,
500F
transfer coefficient, 476
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) cycle, 505–512
atmospheric change, implications of,
505
biological utilization, 507
history, 506
industrial emission rate, 505
methods, 506–507
sinks, 507–509
sources, 507–509
units, 505–506
see also Carbon cycle; Carbon dioxide
(CO 2 ); Primary production
processes
Carbon disulfide (CS 2 )
Air–sea transfer, 585–586
photochemical oxidation, 94, 585
Carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ), in oceanic
carbon cycle, 497
Carbon isotope ratios (d
13 C)
ancient soil carbonate measurements,
523, 526–527, 527F
coral-based paleoclimate records,
424–425, 424T, 426
cloud cover and upwelling, 425–426
long-term tracer applications, 124
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Air–sea transfer, 589T, 593–595
atmospheric sources and sinks, 595T
estuaries, gas exchange in, 480
photochemical flux, spectral dependence
of, 97F
photochemical production, 92F, 93, 96F
Carbon sequestration by direct injection,
315–321
carbon’s effect on pH, 315–316, 316F
CO 2 from power plants/factories, 316
effectiveness, 317–318
atmospheric CO 2 , 317, 317T
computer modeling studies, 317
net retention over time, 317, 318F
outgassing timescale, 317
use of tracers, 317
factors favoring oceanic methods, 315
injection methods, 318–320, 319F
bypassing equilibration timescale,
319–320
CO 2 lake, 318–319
hydrate reactor, 318
introduction to outflows, 318
rising droplet plume, 318
sinking plume, 319
interest in technology, 315
local impacts and public perception, 320
effects of pH and CO 2 changes, 320
focus of studies, 320
inclusion in research/debate, 320
significance of impacts, 320
ocean capacity, 316–317
carbonate system, 316
effects of long travel times, 316
effects of short travel times, 316
impacts on deep-ocean environments,
316–317
storage capacity, 316
target stabilization of CO 2 , 315
terrestrial methods, 315
Carbon system, modeling, 513–522
3D biogeochemical simulations,
519–520
intermediate complexity/inverse models,
517–518
ocean circulation and biogeochemical
models, 515–517
ocean tracers and dynamics, 515
as research tools, 520–521
thermocline models, 518–519, 518F
see also Carbon cycle
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), 155
chemical stability, 156
solubility, 156–157
Carbonyl sulfide (COS)
Air–sea transfer, 585
estuaries, gas exchange in, 480
photochemical flux, spectral dependence
of, 97F
photochemical oxidation, 585
photochemical production, 92F, 92
Cargo ships see World fleet
B,B-Carotene, structure, 115F
Carotenoids, 114
Catabolic, definition, 481
Index
609