Biogenic silica (continued)
siliceous sponges, 538–539
silicoflagellates, 538–539
preservation, 537–538
Ross Sea studies, 538
Biogeochemical cycles
estuarine sediments, 446F
Biogeochemical models
carbon cycle, 519–520
ocean circulation and, 515–517
Biogeochemical zonation, 384, 385F
reactions, 384T
zone boundaries, 384–385
Biogeochemistry
process rates, 514
subterranean estuaries, 471–473
Biological assays
copper complexation, 76T
metal complexation, 76
Biological pump
marine organism calcification, 503F,
504
Biomagnified metals, definition, 271
Biomass
as phosphorus reservoir, 567, 569T
see also Phosphorus cycle
Biomaterials
marine organisms, 118
Bioremediation
marine environment, 117
Bioturbation
benthic foraminifera ecology, 394–395
definition, 271
irrigation and, 386–388
Birnessite, 325–326
Bismuth
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
crustal abundance, 53T
dissolved, 60–61
depth profile, 62F
properties in seawater, 53T
Black Sea
hypoxia, human-caused, 308
Blake Plateau, ferromanganese deposits,
326
Bomb carbon, 253–254
as tracer, 257
Bomb radiocarbon, 195–198
Bomb tritium, in precipitation, 139F, 139
Borate (B(OH)4
À )
determination, 13
Boric acid (B(OH)3)
borate (B(OH)4
À
) determination, 13
determination, 13
Boron (B), concentration in sea water,
14T
Bottom water
radiocarbon levels, 196F
Box models
carbon cycle, 516–517, 517F, 528–529,
529F, 530–531
refinements, 517
chemical tracers and, 516–517
concept of, 528
fluxes, 528
differential equations, 528
reservoirs, 528
turnover time, 528
Bramaputra see Ganges/Bramaputra
Brazil Basin
tracer release experiments, 180
Bromide (Br
À ), concentration in sea
water, 14T
Brunhes-Matuyama event, 436, 438F
BT see Bathythermograph
Bubbles
formation, estuaries, methane release,
478
Buoyancy frequency
diapycnal mixing and, 177F
Buoys
tracer release experiments and,
178–179
C
Cadmium (Cd)
concentrations
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific, 73T
dissolved, 77
enhancement in coastal waters and
embayments, 278
enrichment factor, 270T
global atmosphere, emissions to, 285T
North Sea, atmospheric deposition,
283F
oceanic, 273, 278
organic complexation, 77
pollution, 265–266
anthropogenic and natural sources,
266T
distribution, 268T
human health, 271
toxicity, 79
Cadmium/calcium ratio, 123–124
see also Cadmium (Cd)
Calcification
definition and equation, 406
marine organisms, biological pump and,
503F, 504
Calcite, 451
depth profile, 339F
saturation state, 491
coastal waters, 491F
solubility, 338
Calcite compensation depth (CCD)
Cenozoic, 526F, 526
Pacific, 338–339
Calcium (Ca, and Ca2+)
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
oceanic sources, 227T
river water concentration, 14T, 486T
sea water concentration, 14T
determination, 13
Calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ), 406, 409,
336–345
accumulation and preservation, 342
chemical weathering, 524
depth profile, 337–341
diagenesis, 342–344
dissolution, 337–341
governing equation, 338
see also Carbonate compensation
depth
distribution, 341–342
global, 338F
foraminiferal distributions, 396
lysocline, 339
oxygen isotopic ratio determination,
411, 411–412
see also Oxygen isotope ratio
producers, 336–337
saturation, 338
saturation state, coastal waters, 491F
see also Aragonite; Calcite; Carbonate
Calibration
radiocarbon (carbon-14,
14 C) ocean
models, 245–248
California
radium-228 distribution, 222F
Caloric half-years, 437, 438F
Cal-Tech Patterson sampler, 7–9
Cambrian
strontium isotope ratios, 128F, 129
Cap de la Hague, France, 291
location, importance of, 291
nuclear fuel discharges
coastal circulation, 296
regional setting, 294, 295F
surface circulation, 296
reprocessing discharges, circulation of,
294–295
Cape of Good Hope, ferromanganese
deposits, 326
Carbon (C)
anthropogenic, 513
definition, 521
see also Carbon dioxide (CO 2 )
coastal fluxes, 490F
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
oceanic sources, 227T
reservoir concentrations, 228, 228T
specific radioactivity, 229T
d
13
C, 566
see also Carbon isotope ratios
(d
13
C)
d
14
C, 252–253
d
13
C, coral-based paleoclimate records,
424T, 430, 431
decadal variability, 428
upwelling, 425–426
see also Radiocarbon (carbon-14,
14 C)
effect on pH, 315–316, 316F
exospheric pool, 524, 524–525
export fluxes, estimated by adjoint
method (inverse modeling),
192–198
importance of, 495
isotopes
abundance, 252
variations in ocean, 566
isotopic fractionation, Cenozoic,
526–527, 527F
in marine biomass, 513–514
river fluxes, 488
Carbon-12 (
12 C), 566
Carbon-13 (
13 C), 566
d
13
C, 566
608
Index
siliceous sponges, 538–539
silicoflagellates, 538–539
preservation, 537–538
Ross Sea studies, 538
Biogeochemical cycles
estuarine sediments, 446F
Biogeochemical models
carbon cycle, 519–520
ocean circulation and, 515–517
Biogeochemical zonation, 384, 385F
reactions, 384T
zone boundaries, 384–385
Biogeochemistry
process rates, 514
subterranean estuaries, 471–473
Biological assays
copper complexation, 76T
metal complexation, 76
Biological pump
marine organism calcification, 503F,
504
Biomagnified metals, definition, 271
Biomass
as phosphorus reservoir, 567, 569T
see also Phosphorus cycle
Biomaterials
marine organisms, 118
Bioremediation
marine environment, 117
Bioturbation
benthic foraminifera ecology, 394–395
definition, 271
irrigation and, 386–388
Birnessite, 325–326
Bismuth
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
crustal abundance, 53T
dissolved, 60–61
depth profile, 62F
properties in seawater, 53T
Black Sea
hypoxia, human-caused, 308
Blake Plateau, ferromanganese deposits,
326
Bomb carbon, 253–254
as tracer, 257
Bomb radiocarbon, 195–198
Bomb tritium, in precipitation, 139F, 139
Borate (B(OH)4
À )
determination, 13
Boric acid (B(OH)3)
borate (B(OH)4
À
) determination, 13
determination, 13
Boron (B), concentration in sea water,
14T
Bottom water
radiocarbon levels, 196F
Box models
carbon cycle, 516–517, 517F, 528–529,
529F, 530–531
refinements, 517
chemical tracers and, 516–517
concept of, 528
fluxes, 528
differential equations, 528
reservoirs, 528
turnover time, 528
Bramaputra see Ganges/Bramaputra
Brazil Basin
tracer release experiments, 180
Bromide (Br
À ), concentration in sea
water, 14T
Brunhes-Matuyama event, 436, 438F
BT see Bathythermograph
Bubbles
formation, estuaries, methane release,
478
Buoyancy frequency
diapycnal mixing and, 177F
Buoys
tracer release experiments and,
178–179
C
Cadmium (Cd)
concentrations
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific, 73T
dissolved, 77
enhancement in coastal waters and
embayments, 278
enrichment factor, 270T
global atmosphere, emissions to, 285T
North Sea, atmospheric deposition,
283F
oceanic, 273, 278
organic complexation, 77
pollution, 265–266
anthropogenic and natural sources,
266T
distribution, 268T
human health, 271
toxicity, 79
Cadmium/calcium ratio, 123–124
see also Cadmium (Cd)
Calcification
definition and equation, 406
marine organisms, biological pump and,
503F, 504
Calcite, 451
depth profile, 339F
saturation state, 491
coastal waters, 491F
solubility, 338
Calcite compensation depth (CCD)
Cenozoic, 526F, 526
Pacific, 338–339
Calcium (Ca, and Ca2+)
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
oceanic sources, 227T
river water concentration, 14T, 486T
sea water concentration, 14T
determination, 13
Calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ), 406, 409,
336–345
accumulation and preservation, 342
chemical weathering, 524
depth profile, 337–341
diagenesis, 342–344
dissolution, 337–341
governing equation, 338
see also Carbonate compensation
depth
distribution, 341–342
global, 338F
foraminiferal distributions, 396
lysocline, 339
oxygen isotopic ratio determination,
411, 411–412
see also Oxygen isotope ratio
producers, 336–337
saturation, 338
saturation state, coastal waters, 491F
see also Aragonite; Calcite; Carbonate
Calibration
radiocarbon (carbon-14,
14 C) ocean
models, 245–248
California
radium-228 distribution, 222F
Caloric half-years, 437, 438F
Cal-Tech Patterson sampler, 7–9
Cambrian
strontium isotope ratios, 128F, 129
Cap de la Hague, France, 291
location, importance of, 291
nuclear fuel discharges
coastal circulation, 296
regional setting, 294, 295F
surface circulation, 296
reprocessing discharges, circulation of,
294–295
Cape of Good Hope, ferromanganese
deposits, 326
Carbon (C)
anthropogenic, 513
definition, 521
see also Carbon dioxide (CO 2 )
coastal fluxes, 490F
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
oceanic sources, 227T
reservoir concentrations, 228, 228T
specific radioactivity, 229T
d
13
C, 566
see also Carbon isotope ratios
(d
13
C)
d
14
C, 252–253
d
13
C, coral-based paleoclimate records,
424T, 430, 431
decadal variability, 428
upwelling, 425–426
see also Radiocarbon (carbon-14,
14 C)
effect on pH, 315–316, 316F
exospheric pool, 524, 524–525
export fluxes, estimated by adjoint
method (inverse modeling),
192–198
importance of, 495
isotopes
abundance, 252
variations in ocean, 566
isotopic fractionation, Cenozoic,
526–527, 527F
in marine biomass, 513–514
river fluxes, 488
Carbon-12 (
12 C), 566
Carbon-13 (
13 C), 566
d
13
C, 566
608
Index