Atmospheric nitrogen
isotope ratio, 549
Australia
anthropogenic reactive nitrogen, 288T
Authigenesis, 335
Authigenic deposits, 325–335
barites, 331–332
ferromanganese, 325–327
composition, 325–326
crusts, 328–329, 330F
metal sources, 326–327
nodules, 325–327, 326F, 327F
trace metal sources, 327–328
phosphites, South American shelf, 330F
phosphorites, 329–331
silicates, 332–333
palygorskite and sepiolite, 333–335
smectites, 333–335
zeolites, 332–333
Authigenic mineral formation, 449–451
Autocatalysts, release of platinum group
elements into environment, 37F, 37
Autochthonous processes, 348–350
clay minerals, 348–350
AVIRIS see Airborne Visible/Infrared
Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)
AVR see Axial volcanic ridges (AVR)
Aw226, definition, 212
Axial magma chamber (AMC), 359F
see also East Pacific Rise (EPR); Midocean ridge seismic structure
Axial summit trough, 359F
hydrothermal vent deposits, 374–375
neovolcanic zone, 355
Axial volcanic ridges (AVR), 355–356
B
Back arc spreading centers, hydrothermal
vent fluids, chemistry of, 81, 83F
Bacteria
lipid biomarkers, 254F
nitrogen cycle and, 541–542, 542T
see also Nitrogen cycle
spores, tracer applications, 178
Balaenids see Right whales (balaenids)
Balaenoptera musculus see Blue whale
Baltic Sea
eutrophication
habitat effects, 313–314
iridium profile, 32, 34F
nitrogen, atmospheric input, 284T
Barite (barium sulfate), 331–332, 332F
Barium
elemental X-ray map, 332F
Pacific accumulation rates, 331F
radium ratio, 223F
Basalt(s)
diagenetic reactions, 333T
Basalt(ic) glass(es)
diagenetic reactions, 333T
Basin to basin fractionation, calcium
carbonate, 341–342
Bathysiphon filiformis foraminifer, 394F
Bauer Deep, clay mineral profile, smectic
composition, 350T
Bay of Bengal
particulate organic carbon (POC) flux,
198
B,B-carotene, structure, 115F
Becquerel (Bq), 291–292
Bedrock, phosphorus, 567, 569T
see also Phosphorus cycle
Beggiatoa, 384–385
Bengal, Bay see Bay of Bengal
Benthic communities
hypoxia, effects of, 313F
Benthic fauna, oxygen-minimum zones,
312–313
Benthic flux
pore water chemistry and, 382
Benthic foraminifera, 390–401
ecology, 393–394
abundance and diversity, 393–394
hard-substrate habitats, 394
soft sediment habitats, 393
well-oxygenated sites, 393, 393T
environmental distribution controls,
396–398
CaCO 3 dissolution, 396
currents, 398
depth, 396–397
lateral advection of water masses,
396–397
organic matter fluxes, 397
species’ optimal habitats, 397–398,
398F
low-oxygen environments, 398–399
foraminifera tolerances, 398–399, 399
related to organic flux, 398
microhabitats and temporal
variability, 395–396
deep-sea diversity, 394F
factors influencing distribution, 395,
395–396
food and oxygen variability, 396,
397F
species distributions, 395F, 395, 396F
role in benthic communities, 394–395
biostabilization, 394–395
bioturbation, 394–395
organic carbon cycling, 394
place in food webs, 394
examples, 391F, 392F
general characteristics, 390
cell body, 390
test, 390
morphological/taxonomic diversity, 390
range of morphologies, 390
sizes, 390
taxonomic test characteristics, 390
d
18 O records, 414–415, 415–416,
416F
long-term patterns, 416–417, 416F,
417F
Mg/Ca ratios and, 418
planktonic foraminifers vs., 416F,
416, 417F
research history, 390
multidisciplinary research, 390
research methodology, 390–393
collection methods, 391
distinguishing live and dead
individuals, 392–393
influence of mesh size, 393
use in geological research, 390
use in paleo-oceanography, 399–401,
399T
example, 401
factors making foraminifera useful,
399–400
limitations of accuracy, 400–401
paleoenvironmental attributes
studied, 400
see also Cenozoic
see also Planktonic foraminifera
Benthic macrofauna, hypoxia, 312–313
Benthic nepheloid layer (BNL), 206
Benthic organisms
fauna, oxygen-minimum zones,
312–313
macrofauna, hypoxia, 312–313
Bering Sea
biogenic silica burial, 536T, 537
Bermuda
atmospheric lead concentrations,
286F
cadmium concentrations, 278
helium-3 isotope ratio anomaly, 185F
lead
in corals, 275, 277F
in surface waters, 275, 276F
nitrate concentrations, 185F
productivity tracer estimate comparison,
187T
Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study
(BATS), 556F
Beryllium
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
oceanic sources, 227T
production rates, 227T
reservoir concentrations, 228, 228T
specific radioactivity, 229T
tracer applications, 232
isotope ratios
depth profiles, 132F
global distribution, 127F
long-term tracer properties, 124T, 132
source materials, 125–126
Bicarbonate (HCO 3
À )
in oceanic carbon cycle, 496–497
river water concentration, 486T
Bioaccumulative metals, definition, 271
Bioadhesives, research directions, 118
Bioavailable metals, definition, 271
Biocatalysis, marine organisms, 116–117
Biofuels, marine organisms, 117–118
Biogenic gases, definition, 583
Biogenic silica
burial, 536–537
sites, 536T
dissolution, 535, 537, 539F
aluminium and, 537–538
in marine sediments, 536T, 538–539,
539F
diatom skeletons, 536, 538–539, 539F
measurement, 539
radiolaria skeletons, 538–539
Index
607
isotope ratio, 549
Australia
anthropogenic reactive nitrogen, 288T
Authigenesis, 335
Authigenic deposits, 325–335
barites, 331–332
ferromanganese, 325–327
composition, 325–326
crusts, 328–329, 330F
metal sources, 326–327
nodules, 325–327, 326F, 327F
trace metal sources, 327–328
phosphites, South American shelf, 330F
phosphorites, 329–331
silicates, 332–333
palygorskite and sepiolite, 333–335
smectites, 333–335
zeolites, 332–333
Authigenic mineral formation, 449–451
Autocatalysts, release of platinum group
elements into environment, 37F, 37
Autochthonous processes, 348–350
clay minerals, 348–350
AVIRIS see Airborne Visible/Infrared
Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)
AVR see Axial volcanic ridges (AVR)
Aw226, definition, 212
Axial magma chamber (AMC), 359F
see also East Pacific Rise (EPR); Midocean ridge seismic structure
Axial summit trough, 359F
hydrothermal vent deposits, 374–375
neovolcanic zone, 355
Axial volcanic ridges (AVR), 355–356
B
Back arc spreading centers, hydrothermal
vent fluids, chemistry of, 81, 83F
Bacteria
lipid biomarkers, 254F
nitrogen cycle and, 541–542, 542T
see also Nitrogen cycle
spores, tracer applications, 178
Balaenids see Right whales (balaenids)
Balaenoptera musculus see Blue whale
Baltic Sea
eutrophication
habitat effects, 313–314
iridium profile, 32, 34F
nitrogen, atmospheric input, 284T
Barite (barium sulfate), 331–332, 332F
Barium
elemental X-ray map, 332F
Pacific accumulation rates, 331F
radium ratio, 223F
Basalt(s)
diagenetic reactions, 333T
Basalt(ic) glass(es)
diagenetic reactions, 333T
Basin to basin fractionation, calcium
carbonate, 341–342
Bathysiphon filiformis foraminifer, 394F
Bauer Deep, clay mineral profile, smectic
composition, 350T
Bay of Bengal
particulate organic carbon (POC) flux,
198
B,B-carotene, structure, 115F
Becquerel (Bq), 291–292
Bedrock, phosphorus, 567, 569T
see also Phosphorus cycle
Beggiatoa, 384–385
Bengal, Bay see Bay of Bengal
Benthic communities
hypoxia, effects of, 313F
Benthic fauna, oxygen-minimum zones,
312–313
Benthic flux
pore water chemistry and, 382
Benthic foraminifera, 390–401
ecology, 393–394
abundance and diversity, 393–394
hard-substrate habitats, 394
soft sediment habitats, 393
well-oxygenated sites, 393, 393T
environmental distribution controls,
396–398
CaCO 3 dissolution, 396
currents, 398
depth, 396–397
lateral advection of water masses,
396–397
organic matter fluxes, 397
species’ optimal habitats, 397–398,
398F
low-oxygen environments, 398–399
foraminifera tolerances, 398–399, 399
related to organic flux, 398
microhabitats and temporal
variability, 395–396
deep-sea diversity, 394F
factors influencing distribution, 395,
395–396
food and oxygen variability, 396,
397F
species distributions, 395F, 395, 396F
role in benthic communities, 394–395
biostabilization, 394–395
bioturbation, 394–395
organic carbon cycling, 394
place in food webs, 394
examples, 391F, 392F
general characteristics, 390
cell body, 390
test, 390
morphological/taxonomic diversity, 390
range of morphologies, 390
sizes, 390
taxonomic test characteristics, 390
d
18 O records, 414–415, 415–416,
416F
long-term patterns, 416–417, 416F,
417F
Mg/Ca ratios and, 418
planktonic foraminifers vs., 416F,
416, 417F
research history, 390
multidisciplinary research, 390
research methodology, 390–393
collection methods, 391
distinguishing live and dead
individuals, 392–393
influence of mesh size, 393
use in geological research, 390
use in paleo-oceanography, 399–401,
399T
example, 401
factors making foraminifera useful,
399–400
limitations of accuracy, 400–401
paleoenvironmental attributes
studied, 400
see also Cenozoic
see also Planktonic foraminifera
Benthic macrofauna, hypoxia, 312–313
Benthic nepheloid layer (BNL), 206
Benthic organisms
fauna, oxygen-minimum zones,
312–313
macrofauna, hypoxia, 312–313
Bering Sea
biogenic silica burial, 536T, 537
Bermuda
atmospheric lead concentrations,
286F
cadmium concentrations, 278
helium-3 isotope ratio anomaly, 185F
lead
in corals, 275, 277F
in surface waters, 275, 276F
nitrate concentrations, 185F
productivity tracer estimate comparison,
187T
Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study
(BATS), 556F
Beryllium
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
oceanic sources, 227T
production rates, 227T
reservoir concentrations, 228, 228T
specific radioactivity, 229T
tracer applications, 232
isotope ratios
depth profiles, 132F
global distribution, 127F
long-term tracer properties, 124T, 132
source materials, 125–126
Bicarbonate (HCO 3
À )
in oceanic carbon cycle, 496–497
river water concentration, 486T
Bioaccumulative metals, definition, 271
Bioadhesives, research directions, 118
Bioavailable metals, definition, 271
Biocatalysis, marine organisms, 116–117
Biofuels, marine organisms, 117–118
Biogenic gases, definition, 583
Biogenic silica
burial, 536–537
sites, 536T
dissolution, 535, 537, 539F
aluminium and, 537–538
in marine sediments, 536T, 538–539,
539F
diatom skeletons, 536, 538–539, 539F
measurement, 539
radiolaria skeletons, 538–539
Index
607