Aldrin
structure, 164F
Algae
lipid biomarkers, 254F
Alkalinity
depth profiles, estuarine sediments, 450F
sea water, 14T
determination, 13
plankton production and, 13–14
Alkanes, radiocarbon analysis, 258
Allochthonous radiocarbon, 252
Aluminosilicate, 335
Aluminum
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
oceanic sources, 227T
production rates, 227T
reservoir concentrations, 228, 228T
specific radioactivity, 229T
crustal abundance, 53T
dissolved, 54–55
depth profile, 56F
properties in seawater, 53T
surface distribution, 55F
inorganic side-reaction coefficient, 75,
75T
oceanic, 273
Alvin deep-water manned submersible
observations
hydrothermal vent fluids, chemistry
of, 82F, 85
volcanic activity, East Pacific Rise
(EPR), 85
Amazon River
dissolved loads, 462T
river discharge, 458T
sediment load/yield, 460T
Ammonia
Air–sea transfer, 586–587
nitrification, 586, 587F
oxidation, isotope ratios and, 552T
in pore water, 383T
Ammonia parkinsoniana over Elphidium
spp. (A-E index), 311
hypoxia, 311
Ammonification, 542–543, 542F, 543F
see also Nitrogen cycle
Ammonium (NH 4 +), 586
assimilation, 553–554
depth profiles, estuarine sediments, 450F
nitrogen isotope ratios, 556–559
sea water concentrations, determination,
541
subterranean estuaries, 473
suspended particles, 560
see also Nitrogen cycle
Amorphous hydroxides, diagenetic
reactions, 333T
Analcite, 332–333
Anammox, 552–553
Andesitic glass, diagenetic reactions,
333T
Angiosperms, lipid biomarkers, 254F
Anoxia
consequences
direct effects, 311
secondary production, 313
Anoxic environments, uranium, 216
Antarctic Convergence see Antarctic Polar
Frontal Zone (APFZ)
Antarctic Ocean
Non Polar Front, biogenic silica burial,
536T
Polar Front
biogenic silica burial, 536–537, 536T
Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone (APFZ)
biogenic silica burial, 536–537, 536T
Anthropogenic carbon, 513
definition, 521
Anthropogenic metals, estuarine
sediments and, 455
Anthropogenic nitrogen, 551
Anthropogenic reactive nitrogen,
production, estimates of, 288T
Anthropogenic trace elements, 273–280
enhancements in coastal waters and
embayments, 278
open-ocean, 8T, 10
cadmium, 278
lead see Lead
mercury see Mercury
tributyl tin, 278
zinc, 278
see also Pollution
Antimony (Sb), 69–70, 71
depth profile, 69–70, 69F
methylated forms, 69–70
oxic vs. anoxic waters, 69–70
Antimony-125 (
125 Sb), nuclear fuel
reprocessing, 293T
A
o
222 , definition, 212
Ap, definition, 212
A
part , definition, 212
Aphelion, 434–435
Aphotic zone
oxygen consumption
depth profile, 183F
tracing, 181, 182–183
timescale, 183
tracer constraints, 182F
Arabian Sea
chlorofluorocabon, 162
particulate organic carbon (POC) flux,
198
uranium-thorium series profiles, 217F
Aragonite, 336–337
saturation state, 491
coastal waters, 491F
solubility, 338
see also Aragonite critical depth
Aragonite critical depth (ACD), 339
Archaea
lipid biomarkers, 254F
Arctic (region)
ecosystems
chlorinated hydrocarbons, 173
Arctic Ocean
benthic foraminifera, 393T
nuclear fuel reprocessing, 296–297
radioactive wastes, disposals of, 298
river inputs, 462T
Argon
atmospheric abundance, 135T
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
oceanic sources, 227T
production rate, 227T
reservoir concentrations, 228T
specific radioactivity, 229T
tracer applications, 230T, 233
isotopes, origin of oceans, 4F
phase partitioning, 136T
as radioisotope source, 226
saturation responses, 137–138, 138F
seawater concentration, 135T
tracer applications, 136–137, 233
Arno, Italy, sediment load/yield, 460T
Arrhenius, Svante, 438
Arsenic (As), 64, 68–69, 71
anoxic waters, 68–69
depth profile, 68–69, 69F
detoxification by phytoplankton, 68–69
global atmosphere, emissions to, 285T
methylated, 68–69, 69F
oxic waters, 68–69
toxicity, 68–69
As226, definition, 212
Asia
anthropogenic reactive nitrogen,
287–288, 288T
land-sea fluxes, human impact, 492–494
river water, composition, 486T
Astaxanthin, 114
structure, 115F
AtD, definition, 212
Atlantic see Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
benthic foraminifera, 393T
calcite, depth profile, 339F
carbonate compensation depth, 344F
carbonate saturation, 341–342
geohistorical studies, 401
illite, 346–347
neodymium isotope ratio depth profiles,
126F
nitrate transport, 192, 193F
oxygen isotope ratios, 564F, 564
radiocarbon, 239F, 240
radiocarbon circulation model, 519F,
519
radium-226 depth profile, 222F
radium isotope distribution, 221, 222F
salinity contours, 126F
sea–air flux of carbon dioxide, 511,
511T
silicate vertical profile, 533–534, 534F
trace metal isotope ratios, 125
beryllium, 132F
uranium isotope ratio depth profile,
216F
Atmosphere
carbon dioxide flux, coastal zone, 491F
cosmogenic isotope concentrations,
228T
metals, emission of, 285T
Atmospheric carbon dioxide see Carbon
dioxide (CO 2 )
Atmospheric deposition
synthetic organic compounds, 284–285
Atmospheric lead flux, 286–287
606
Index
structure, 164F
Algae
lipid biomarkers, 254F
Alkalinity
depth profiles, estuarine sediments, 450F
sea water, 14T
determination, 13
plankton production and, 13–14
Alkanes, radiocarbon analysis, 258
Allochthonous radiocarbon, 252
Aluminosilicate, 335
Aluminum
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
oceanic sources, 227T
production rates, 227T
reservoir concentrations, 228, 228T
specific radioactivity, 229T
crustal abundance, 53T
dissolved, 54–55
depth profile, 56F
properties in seawater, 53T
surface distribution, 55F
inorganic side-reaction coefficient, 75,
75T
oceanic, 273
Alvin deep-water manned submersible
observations
hydrothermal vent fluids, chemistry
of, 82F, 85
volcanic activity, East Pacific Rise
(EPR), 85
Amazon River
dissolved loads, 462T
river discharge, 458T
sediment load/yield, 460T
Ammonia
Air–sea transfer, 586–587
nitrification, 586, 587F
oxidation, isotope ratios and, 552T
in pore water, 383T
Ammonia parkinsoniana over Elphidium
spp. (A-E index), 311
hypoxia, 311
Ammonification, 542–543, 542F, 543F
see also Nitrogen cycle
Ammonium (NH 4 +), 586
assimilation, 553–554
depth profiles, estuarine sediments, 450F
nitrogen isotope ratios, 556–559
sea water concentrations, determination,
541
subterranean estuaries, 473
suspended particles, 560
see also Nitrogen cycle
Amorphous hydroxides, diagenetic
reactions, 333T
Analcite, 332–333
Anammox, 552–553
Andesitic glass, diagenetic reactions,
333T
Angiosperms, lipid biomarkers, 254F
Anoxia
consequences
direct effects, 311
secondary production, 313
Anoxic environments, uranium, 216
Antarctic Convergence see Antarctic Polar
Frontal Zone (APFZ)
Antarctic Ocean
Non Polar Front, biogenic silica burial,
536T
Polar Front
biogenic silica burial, 536–537, 536T
Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone (APFZ)
biogenic silica burial, 536–537, 536T
Anthropogenic carbon, 513
definition, 521
Anthropogenic metals, estuarine
sediments and, 455
Anthropogenic nitrogen, 551
Anthropogenic reactive nitrogen,
production, estimates of, 288T
Anthropogenic trace elements, 273–280
enhancements in coastal waters and
embayments, 278
open-ocean, 8T, 10
cadmium, 278
lead see Lead
mercury see Mercury
tributyl tin, 278
zinc, 278
see also Pollution
Antimony (Sb), 69–70, 71
depth profile, 69–70, 69F
methylated forms, 69–70
oxic vs. anoxic waters, 69–70
Antimony-125 (
125 Sb), nuclear fuel
reprocessing, 293T
A
o
222 , definition, 212
Ap, definition, 212
A
part , definition, 212
Aphelion, 434–435
Aphotic zone
oxygen consumption
depth profile, 183F
tracing, 181, 182–183
timescale, 183
tracer constraints, 182F
Arabian Sea
chlorofluorocabon, 162
particulate organic carbon (POC) flux,
198
uranium-thorium series profiles, 217F
Aragonite, 336–337
saturation state, 491
coastal waters, 491F
solubility, 338
see also Aragonite critical depth
Aragonite critical depth (ACD), 339
Archaea
lipid biomarkers, 254F
Arctic (region)
ecosystems
chlorinated hydrocarbons, 173
Arctic Ocean
benthic foraminifera, 393T
nuclear fuel reprocessing, 296–297
radioactive wastes, disposals of, 298
river inputs, 462T
Argon
atmospheric abundance, 135T
cosmogenic isotopes, 226T
oceanic sources, 227T
production rate, 227T
reservoir concentrations, 228T
specific radioactivity, 229T
tracer applications, 230T, 233
isotopes, origin of oceans, 4F
phase partitioning, 136T
as radioisotope source, 226
saturation responses, 137–138, 138F
seawater concentration, 135T
tracer applications, 136–137, 233
Arno, Italy, sediment load/yield, 460T
Arrhenius, Svante, 438
Arsenic (As), 64, 68–69, 71
anoxic waters, 68–69
depth profile, 68–69, 69F
detoxification by phytoplankton, 68–69
global atmosphere, emissions to, 285T
methylated, 68–69, 69F
oxic waters, 68–69
toxicity, 68–69
As226, definition, 212
Asia
anthropogenic reactive nitrogen,
287–288, 288T
land-sea fluxes, human impact, 492–494
river water, composition, 486T
Astaxanthin, 114
structure, 115F
AtD, definition, 212
Atlantic see Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
benthic foraminifera, 393T
calcite, depth profile, 339F
carbonate compensation depth, 344F
carbonate saturation, 341–342
geohistorical studies, 401
illite, 346–347
neodymium isotope ratio depth profiles,
126F
nitrate transport, 192, 193F
oxygen isotope ratios, 564F, 564
radiocarbon, 239F, 240
radiocarbon circulation model, 519F,
519
radium-226 depth profile, 222F
radium isotope distribution, 221, 222F
salinity contours, 126F
sea–air flux of carbon dioxide, 511,
511T
silicate vertical profile, 533–534, 534F
trace metal isotope ratios, 125
beryllium, 132F
uranium isotope ratio depth profile,
216F
Atmosphere
carbon dioxide flux, coastal zone, 491F
cosmogenic isotope concentrations,
228T
metals, emission of, 285T
Atmospheric carbon dioxide see Carbon
dioxide (CO 2 )
Atmospheric deposition
synthetic organic compounds, 284–285
Atmospheric lead flux, 286–287
606
Index