Uranium-thorium decay series, 204F,
203–213
disequilibrium, 204–207, 205F
mobile parent with particle-reactive
daughter, 204–207, 205T
reactive parent with mobile daughter,
209–210, 209T
focusing factor, 205–206
isotopes, distribution of, 203–204, 203T
isotopes in ocean profiles, 203–204
processes investigated by, 212T
radionuclides, distribution of, 203
scavenging, 205–206, 206F
scavenging control, conceptual model of,
208F
scavenging residence time, 204T
Uranium-thorium series isotopes,
214–224
cosmogenic radionuclide tracers and,
232
distribution, 215–216
actinium, 222–223
palladium-231, 218–220
radium, 221–222
radon-222, 220–221
thorium, 216–218
uranium, 216
supply to oceans, 214–215
atmospheric and sediment interfaces,
215
rivers, 214–215
in situ production, 215
see also Thorium (Th); Uranium (U)
Urey, Harold, 411
UUV see Unmanned underwater vehicles
(UUV)
UV see Ultraviolet radiation
UV-B radiation, ozone, concentration
effects, 89
V
V 230 , definition, 212
V 231 , definition, 212
Vanadium (V)
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
depth profile, 65F, 65
oxic vs. anoxic waters, 65
Vapor exchange
tritium, 140
Vascular plants
lipid biomarkers, 254F
applications, 254
Ventilation
definition, 521
Verdine, 350
Vernatide, 325–326
Visible light, absorption of, 89
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
estuaries, gas exchange in, 480–481
Volcanic environments, clay minerals,
348–350
Volcanic glass, diagenetic reactions,
333T
Volcanic helium, 144–145, 147–154
history, 147–149
hot spots, 150–153
isotopic composition, 147
mid-ocean ridge, 149–150, 150F
plumes, 153
subduction zone, 153
W
WAIS see West Antarctic Ice Sheet
(WAIS)
Wanninkhof, 506–507
Wanninkhof gas exchange
parameterization
dual tracer gas exchange results and,
178F, 178
Waquoit Bay, 467, 468F
seepage meter measurements, 469F
subterranean estuary, 472F
Water
loss from Earth’s surface, 4–5
see also Origin of oceans
meteoric origin, 3
sources, on Earth, 5
steady-state on Earth, 6
Water mass(es)
investigated by uranium-thorium decay
series, 212T
Water packets, chemical tracers and,
518–519
West Africa, particulate organic carbon
(POC) flux, 198
West America, particulate organic carbon
(POC) flux, 198
Western Mediterranean Sea
nitrogen, atmospheric input, 284T
West Spitsbergen Current (WSC)
reprocessing discharges, circulation of,
295
‘Wet’ deposition
atmospheric contaminants, estimation
of, 282
Wetlands, carbon monoxide, 594
Wind speed
gas exchange, 583–584
sea–air carbon dioxide flux, 511
WMO see World Meteorological
Organization (WMO)
WMO/IAEA, 139
WOCE see World Ocean Circulation
Experiment (WOCE)
World Meteorological Organization/
International Atomic Energy
Authority (WMO/IAEA),
139
World Ocean Circulation Experiment
(WOCE), 148, 190
Hydrographic survey, 190
purposeful tracer experiment, 234
radiocarbon, 240, 241–242, 243F
salinity, phosphate, oxygen profile, 189F
X
XKT see Expendable optical irradiance
probe (XKT)
Y
Yantze River (Changjiang)
dissolved loads, 462T
hypoxia, 309
river discharge, 458T
sediment load/yield, 460T
Yellow River (Huanghe)
hypoxia, 309
land-sea fluxes and, 492
sediment load/yield, 460T
data problems collecting, 457
Yenisei, river discharge, 458T
Younger Dryas
coral-based paleoclimate records, 430
Ytterbium, concentrations in ocean
waters, 73T
Z
Z (atomic number), definition, 212
z (depth), definition, 212
Zeolite, definition, 335
Zeolites, 333
Zinc (Zn), 78
concentration
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters, 73T
global atmosphere, emissions to, 285T
inorganic speciation, 75
oceanic, 278
organic complexes, 77
depth profile, 78F
pollution
anthropogenic and natural sources,
266T
enrichment factor, 270T
see also Trace element(s)
Zirconium (Zr)
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
crustal abundance, 53T
dissolved, 58–59
depth profile, 59F
hafnium atom ratio, 59F
properties in seawater, 53T
surface distribution, 55F
Zonal average models, 517–518
Zooplankton
nitrogen cycle and, 542T
Index
631
203–213
disequilibrium, 204–207, 205F
mobile parent with particle-reactive
daughter, 204–207, 205T
reactive parent with mobile daughter,
209–210, 209T
focusing factor, 205–206
isotopes, distribution of, 203–204, 203T
isotopes in ocean profiles, 203–204
processes investigated by, 212T
radionuclides, distribution of, 203
scavenging, 205–206, 206F
scavenging control, conceptual model of,
208F
scavenging residence time, 204T
Uranium-thorium series isotopes,
214–224
cosmogenic radionuclide tracers and,
232
distribution, 215–216
actinium, 222–223
palladium-231, 218–220
radium, 221–222
radon-222, 220–221
thorium, 216–218
uranium, 216
supply to oceans, 214–215
atmospheric and sediment interfaces,
215
rivers, 214–215
in situ production, 215
see also Thorium (Th); Uranium (U)
Urey, Harold, 411
UUV see Unmanned underwater vehicles
(UUV)
UV see Ultraviolet radiation
UV-B radiation, ozone, concentration
effects, 89
V
V 230 , definition, 212
V 231 , definition, 212
Vanadium (V)
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
depth profile, 65F, 65
oxic vs. anoxic waters, 65
Vapor exchange
tritium, 140
Vascular plants
lipid biomarkers, 254F
applications, 254
Ventilation
definition, 521
Verdine, 350
Vernatide, 325–326
Visible light, absorption of, 89
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
estuaries, gas exchange in, 480–481
Volcanic environments, clay minerals,
348–350
Volcanic glass, diagenetic reactions,
333T
Volcanic helium, 144–145, 147–154
history, 147–149
hot spots, 150–153
isotopic composition, 147
mid-ocean ridge, 149–150, 150F
plumes, 153
subduction zone, 153
W
WAIS see West Antarctic Ice Sheet
(WAIS)
Wanninkhof, 506–507
Wanninkhof gas exchange
parameterization
dual tracer gas exchange results and,
178F, 178
Waquoit Bay, 467, 468F
seepage meter measurements, 469F
subterranean estuary, 472F
Water
loss from Earth’s surface, 4–5
see also Origin of oceans
meteoric origin, 3
sources, on Earth, 5
steady-state on Earth, 6
Water mass(es)
investigated by uranium-thorium decay
series, 212T
Water packets, chemical tracers and,
518–519
West Africa, particulate organic carbon
(POC) flux, 198
West America, particulate organic carbon
(POC) flux, 198
Western Mediterranean Sea
nitrogen, atmospheric input, 284T
West Spitsbergen Current (WSC)
reprocessing discharges, circulation of,
295
‘Wet’ deposition
atmospheric contaminants, estimation
of, 282
Wetlands, carbon monoxide, 594
Wind speed
gas exchange, 583–584
sea–air carbon dioxide flux, 511
WMO see World Meteorological
Organization (WMO)
WMO/IAEA, 139
WOCE see World Ocean Circulation
Experiment (WOCE)
World Meteorological Organization/
International Atomic Energy
Authority (WMO/IAEA),
139
World Ocean Circulation Experiment
(WOCE), 148, 190
Hydrographic survey, 190
purposeful tracer experiment, 234
radiocarbon, 240, 241–242, 243F
salinity, phosphate, oxygen profile, 189F
X
XKT see Expendable optical irradiance
probe (XKT)
Y
Yantze River (Changjiang)
dissolved loads, 462T
hypoxia, 309
river discharge, 458T
sediment load/yield, 460T
Yellow River (Huanghe)
hypoxia, 309
land-sea fluxes and, 492
sediment load/yield, 460T
data problems collecting, 457
Yenisei, river discharge, 458T
Younger Dryas
coral-based paleoclimate records, 430
Ytterbium, concentrations in ocean
waters, 73T
Z
Z (atomic number), definition, 212
z (depth), definition, 212
Zeolite, definition, 335
Zeolites, 333
Zinc (Zn), 78
concentration
N. Atlantic and N. Pacific waters, 73T
global atmosphere, emissions to, 285T
inorganic speciation, 75
oceanic, 278
organic complexes, 77
depth profile, 78F
pollution
anthropogenic and natural sources,
266T
enrichment factor, 270T
see also Trace element(s)
Zirconium (Zr)
concentrations in ocean waters, 73T
crustal abundance, 53T
dissolved, 58–59
depth profile, 59F
hafnium atom ratio, 59F
properties in seawater, 53T
surface distribution, 55F
Zonal average models, 517–518
Zooplankton
nitrogen cycle and, 542T
Index
631
Précédent