Steady state Unchanging situation over long time
interval relative to the process under consideration; frequently assumed state for the deep
and abyssal ocean with respect to many parameters.
See also
Atmospheric Input of Pollutants. Carbon Cycle.
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO 2 )
Cycle.
Elemental
Distribution:
Overview.
Long-Term
Tracer
Changes. Marine Silica Cycle. Ocean Carbon
System, Modeling of. Radioactive Wastes. Stable
Carbon Isotope Variations in the Ocean. Tritium–
Helium Dating.
Further Reading
Broecker WS, Gerard R, Ewing M, and Heezen BC (1960)
Natural radiocarbon in the Atlantic Ocean. Journal of
Geophysical Research 65(a): 2903--2931.
Broecker WS and Peng T-H (1974) Gas exchange rates between air and sea. Tellus 26: 21--34.
Broecker WS and Peng T-H (1982) Tracers in the Sea.
Columbia University, Palisades, NY: Lamont-Doherty
Geological Observatory.
Broecker WS, Sutherland S, Smethie W, Peng T-H, and
O ¨ stlund G (1995) Oceanic radiocarbon: separation of
natural and bomb components. Global Biogeochemical
Cycles 9(2): 263--288.
Craig H (1969) Abyssal carbon radiocarbon in the Pacific.
Journal of Geophysical Research 74(23): 5491--5506.
Druffel ERM and Griffin S (1999) Variability of surface
ocean radiocarbon and stable isotopes in the southwestern Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research
104(C10): 23607--23614.
Dutay JC, Bullister JL, and Doney SC (2001) Evaluation of
ocean model ventilation with CFC-11: comparison of
13 global ocean models. Global Biogeochemical Cycles.
(in press).
Fiadeiro ME (1982) Three-dimensional modeling of tracers
in the deep Pacific Ocean, II. Radiocarbon and circulation. Journal of Marine Research 40: 537--550.
Key RM, Quay PD, Jones GA, et al. (1996) WOCE AMS
radiocarbon I: Pacific Ocean results (P6, P16 and P17).
Radiocarbon 38(3): 425--518.
Libby WF (1955) Radiocarbon Dating. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
O ¨ stlund HG and Rooth CGH (1990) The North Atlantic
tritium and radiocarbon transients 1972–1983. Journal
of Geophysical Research 95(C11): 20147--20165.
Schlosser P, Bo ¨ nisch G, and Kromer B (1995) Mid-1980s
distribution of tritium,
3
He,
14 C and
39 Ar in the Greenland/Norwegian Seas and the Nansen Basin of the
Arctic Ocean. Progress in Oceanography 35: 1--28.
Sonnerup RE, Quay PD, and Bullister JL (1999) Thermocline ventilation and oxygen utilization rates in the
subtropical North Pacific based on CFC distributions during WOCE. Deep-Sea Research I 46: 777--805.
Stuiver M and Polach HA (1977) Discussion: Reporting of
14
C data. Radiocarbon 19(3): 355--363.
Stuiver M and Quay P (1983) Abyssal water carbon-14
distribution and the age of the World Ocean. Science
219: 849--851.
Taylor RE, Long A, and Kra RS (eds.) (1992) Radiocarbon
After Four Decades, An Interdisciplinary Perspective.
New York: Springer.
Toggweiler JR, Dixon K, and Bryan K (1989) Simulations
of radiocarbon in a coarse-resolution World Ocean
model. 1. Steady state prebomb distributions. Journal of
Geophysical Research 94(C6): 8217--8242.
250 RADIOCARBON
interval relative to the process under consideration; frequently assumed state for the deep
and abyssal ocean with respect to many parameters.
See also
Atmospheric Input of Pollutants. Carbon Cycle.
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO 2 )
Cycle.
Elemental
Distribution:
Overview.
Long-Term
Tracer
Changes. Marine Silica Cycle. Ocean Carbon
System, Modeling of. Radioactive Wastes. Stable
Carbon Isotope Variations in the Ocean. Tritium–
Helium Dating.
Further Reading
Broecker WS, Gerard R, Ewing M, and Heezen BC (1960)
Natural radiocarbon in the Atlantic Ocean. Journal of
Geophysical Research 65(a): 2903--2931.
Broecker WS and Peng T-H (1974) Gas exchange rates between air and sea. Tellus 26: 21--34.
Broecker WS and Peng T-H (1982) Tracers in the Sea.
Columbia University, Palisades, NY: Lamont-Doherty
Geological Observatory.
Broecker WS, Sutherland S, Smethie W, Peng T-H, and
O ¨ stlund G (1995) Oceanic radiocarbon: separation of
natural and bomb components. Global Biogeochemical
Cycles 9(2): 263--288.
Craig H (1969) Abyssal carbon radiocarbon in the Pacific.
Journal of Geophysical Research 74(23): 5491--5506.
Druffel ERM and Griffin S (1999) Variability of surface
ocean radiocarbon and stable isotopes in the southwestern Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research
104(C10): 23607--23614.
Dutay JC, Bullister JL, and Doney SC (2001) Evaluation of
ocean model ventilation with CFC-11: comparison of
13 global ocean models. Global Biogeochemical Cycles.
(in press).
Fiadeiro ME (1982) Three-dimensional modeling of tracers
in the deep Pacific Ocean, II. Radiocarbon and circulation. Journal of Marine Research 40: 537--550.
Key RM, Quay PD, Jones GA, et al. (1996) WOCE AMS
radiocarbon I: Pacific Ocean results (P6, P16 and P17).
Radiocarbon 38(3): 425--518.
Libby WF (1955) Radiocarbon Dating. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
O ¨ stlund HG and Rooth CGH (1990) The North Atlantic
tritium and radiocarbon transients 1972–1983. Journal
of Geophysical Research 95(C11): 20147--20165.
Schlosser P, Bo ¨ nisch G, and Kromer B (1995) Mid-1980s
distribution of tritium,
3
He,
14 C and
39 Ar in the Greenland/Norwegian Seas and the Nansen Basin of the
Arctic Ocean. Progress in Oceanography 35: 1--28.
Sonnerup RE, Quay PD, and Bullister JL (1999) Thermocline ventilation and oxygen utilization rates in the
subtropical North Pacific based on CFC distributions during WOCE. Deep-Sea Research I 46: 777--805.
Stuiver M and Polach HA (1977) Discussion: Reporting of
14
C data. Radiocarbon 19(3): 355--363.
Stuiver M and Quay P (1983) Abyssal water carbon-14
distribution and the age of the World Ocean. Science
219: 849--851.
Taylor RE, Long A, and Kra RS (eds.) (1992) Radiocarbon
After Four Decades, An Interdisciplinary Perspective.
New York: Springer.
Toggweiler JR, Dixon K, and Bryan K (1989) Simulations
of radiocarbon in a coarse-resolution World Ocean
model. 1. Steady state prebomb distributions. Journal of
Geophysical Research 94(C6): 8217--8242.
250 RADIOCARBON