656
SUBJEaT INDEX
Shipworms, breeding season
-continued
methods of determination, 396, 397
reproductive cycle, 397,399
sexual activity, 449
spawning, 397, 399, 401, 402, 410,
434,438, 439,449,460, 461
Shipworms, ctenidia, 376-381
demibranchs, 376, 378
function, 380, 381
gill lamellaa, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382,
384
homorhabdic branchial filaments,
376
nature, 376
Shipworms, detection and prevention
of attack, 476-478
biological control, 478
“Carbo-Teredo” process, 476
desiccation, 476, 476
detonating, 476
divers, 476
electrical stethoscopes, 476
electrocution, 477
electrolytic protection, 476
exposure to fresh water, 476
microphones, 476
preservation with creosote, 477
sonic testing, 477
scupper nailing, 476
sheathing, 476
stereo-radiography, 476
rise of poisom, 476, 477
rise of predators, 478
X-ray photography, 476
effects of salinity, 428
effects of temperature, 429
in floating wood, 429, 430, 451
in new areas, 428
in ships’ hulls, 429, 430, 461
through larval stages, 428, 429, 430
with long-term larviparous young,
with oviparous young, 428
Shipworms, dispersal, 42&431,461,462
428,429
with short-term larviparo~~ young,
428, 429
shipworms, ecology, 446-474
effects of illumination on settlement,
467
Shipworms, ecology-contind
effects of marine fouling, 461, 463effects of marine fungi on attack of
effects of oxygen content of water on
attack, 469-460, 461, 462
effects of pollution, 460-462
effects of salinity, 447, 448, 462-466,
effects of salinity on developing eggs,
effects of turbidity, 460
effects of water currents on rate of
growth rates, 449, 460
hydrogen-ion tolerance, 460
influence of temperature on activity
and distribution, 447-452, 466
limitation in geographical range, 462
occurrence in fresh water, 466467
parasites and associates, 467474,
relation to other borers, 466467
role of primary film in settlement,
salinity tolerance, 462, 463, 454, 466,
466
settlement in relation to light and
gravity, 467, 468
spawning activity, 460, 461
spawning temperature, 460, 461
temperature tolerance, 448,449,460,
Shipworms, embryology and larval
466
Wood, 458-469
466,467
466
attack, 469
478
467-468
461, 462
development, 401-409, 448
boring stage, 406
crawling stage, 404, 406, 409, 440,
development stages, 402406
duration of larval period, 406
effects of salinity, 448, 466, 466
effects of temperature, 447, 448, 449
food of larvae, 407
free-wpiUrming stage, 400, 402, 404,
406,409,410,428,429,430,449,
467
467
gametes, 401-402, 431, 448
metamorphosis, 406
pediveliger, 406
SUBJEaT INDEX
Shipworms, breeding season
-continued
methods of determination, 396, 397
reproductive cycle, 397,399
sexual activity, 449
spawning, 397, 399, 401, 402, 410,
434,438, 439,449,460, 461
Shipworms, ctenidia, 376-381
demibranchs, 376, 378
function, 380, 381
gill lamellaa, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382,
384
homorhabdic branchial filaments,
376
nature, 376
Shipworms, detection and prevention
of attack, 476-478
biological control, 478
“Carbo-Teredo” process, 476
desiccation, 476, 476
detonating, 476
divers, 476
electrical stethoscopes, 476
electrocution, 477
electrolytic protection, 476
exposure to fresh water, 476
microphones, 476
preservation with creosote, 477
sonic testing, 477
scupper nailing, 476
sheathing, 476
stereo-radiography, 476
rise of poisom, 476, 477
rise of predators, 478
X-ray photography, 476
effects of salinity, 428
effects of temperature, 429
in floating wood, 429, 430, 451
in new areas, 428
in ships’ hulls, 429, 430, 461
through larval stages, 428, 429, 430
with long-term larviparous young,
with oviparous young, 428
Shipworms, dispersal, 42&431,461,462
428,429
with short-term larviparo~~ young,
428, 429
shipworms, ecology, 446-474
effects of illumination on settlement,
467
Shipworms, ecology-contind
effects of marine fouling, 461, 463effects of marine fungi on attack of
effects of oxygen content of water on
attack, 469-460, 461, 462
effects of pollution, 460-462
effects of salinity, 447, 448, 462-466,
effects of salinity on developing eggs,
effects of turbidity, 460
effects of water currents on rate of
growth rates, 449, 460
hydrogen-ion tolerance, 460
influence of temperature on activity
and distribution, 447-452, 466
limitation in geographical range, 462
occurrence in fresh water, 466467
parasites and associates, 467474,
relation to other borers, 466467
role of primary film in settlement,
salinity tolerance, 462, 463, 454, 466,
466
settlement in relation to light and
gravity, 467, 468
spawning activity, 460, 461
spawning temperature, 460, 461
temperature tolerance, 448,449,460,
Shipworms, embryology and larval
466
Wood, 458-469
466,467
466
attack, 469
478
467-468
461, 462
development, 401-409, 448
boring stage, 406
crawling stage, 404, 406, 409, 440,
development stages, 402406
duration of larval period, 406
effects of salinity, 448, 466, 466
effects of temperature, 447, 448, 449
food of larvae, 407
free-wpiUrming stage, 400, 402, 404,
406,409,410,428,429,430,449,
467
467
gametes, 401-402, 431, 448
metamorphosis, 406
pediveliger, 406