16
CARL J. SINDERMANN
C'yclopterus lunzpus (L.), by Cycloptericola marina. Cysts containing
the fungus were found in the stomach wall of over half the specimens
examined.
It is not uncommon for diseases and parasites of fresh-water origin,
including fungi, to be carried downstream with the anadromous host
to the estuary and the sea, where survival is often limited. Such
appears to have been the situation in the observation of Aleem et nl.
(1953) of Isoachyla parasitica in Atherina riqueti in southern France.
Similar external symptoms of fungus invasion have been seen in
alewives, Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson), and smelts, Osmerus mordax
(Mitchill), as they enter the sea after spawning (Sindermann, unpublished). Saprolegnia infections of Pacific salmon disappeared when the
fish were placed in sea water (Earp et nl., 1953), although Vishiiiac and
Nigrelli (1957) have suggested that brackish-water fishes may be
parasitized by the Saprolegniaceae.
D. Protozoa
Sporozoa and Cnidospora* are among the best known and most
serious pathogens of marine fishes, although representatives of other
protozoan groups, such as the hemoflagellates and ciliates, have been
studied (Laveran and Mesnil, 1902; Neumann, 1909; Tripathi, 1948;
Brown, 1951 ; Laird, 1951 ; Reichenbach-Klinke, 1956d). Coccidia,
Myxosporidea and Microsporidea have varied and often severe effects
on their hosts, ranging from castration to nerve and muscle degeneration. Many of the species studied have characteristic and readily
recognizable spore stages, which facilitate identification and encourage
study.
For some, life
cycles and transmission are adequately understood, but for many much
remains to be learned, particularly about their ecology.
1. Coccidia
Severe and often fatal coccidian infections of mammals and birds
have some counterparts in fresh-water fishes (Bespalyi, 1959) and to a
lesser extent in marine species. A widely distributed disease of clupeoid
fishes is that caused by Eimeria sardinae (Thdohan). The parasite
localizes, often in massive numbers, in the testes (Fig. 4), where it may
reduce reproductive capacity or cause complete sterility of the host
(Pinto, 1956 ; Letaconnoux, 1960 ; Pinto and Barraca, 1961 ; Pinto
et al., 1961). E . sardinae has been reported from the sardine, Sardina
pilchardus Walb., off Portugal (Pinto, op. cit.), the sprat, Clupea
Most are specific for particular host tissues.
* An attempt has been made to conform to the revised system of classification of
the Protozoa (Honigberg et al , 1964).
CARL J. SINDERMANN
C'yclopterus lunzpus (L.), by Cycloptericola marina. Cysts containing
the fungus were found in the stomach wall of over half the specimens
examined.
It is not uncommon for diseases and parasites of fresh-water origin,
including fungi, to be carried downstream with the anadromous host
to the estuary and the sea, where survival is often limited. Such
appears to have been the situation in the observation of Aleem et nl.
(1953) of Isoachyla parasitica in Atherina riqueti in southern France.
Similar external symptoms of fungus invasion have been seen in
alewives, Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson), and smelts, Osmerus mordax
(Mitchill), as they enter the sea after spawning (Sindermann, unpublished). Saprolegnia infections of Pacific salmon disappeared when the
fish were placed in sea water (Earp et nl., 1953), although Vishiiiac and
Nigrelli (1957) have suggested that brackish-water fishes may be
parasitized by the Saprolegniaceae.
D. Protozoa
Sporozoa and Cnidospora* are among the best known and most
serious pathogens of marine fishes, although representatives of other
protozoan groups, such as the hemoflagellates and ciliates, have been
studied (Laveran and Mesnil, 1902; Neumann, 1909; Tripathi, 1948;
Brown, 1951 ; Laird, 1951 ; Reichenbach-Klinke, 1956d). Coccidia,
Myxosporidea and Microsporidea have varied and often severe effects
on their hosts, ranging from castration to nerve and muscle degeneration. Many of the species studied have characteristic and readily
recognizable spore stages, which facilitate identification and encourage
study.
For some, life
cycles and transmission are adequately understood, but for many much
remains to be learned, particularly about their ecology.
1. Coccidia
Severe and often fatal coccidian infections of mammals and birds
have some counterparts in fresh-water fishes (Bespalyi, 1959) and to a
lesser extent in marine species. A widely distributed disease of clupeoid
fishes is that caused by Eimeria sardinae (Thdohan). The parasite
localizes, often in massive numbers, in the testes (Fig. 4), where it may
reduce reproductive capacity or cause complete sterility of the host
(Pinto, 1956 ; Letaconnoux, 1960 ; Pinto and Barraca, 1961 ; Pinto
et al., 1961). E . sardinae has been reported from the sardine, Sardina
pilchardus Walb., off Portugal (Pinto, op. cit.), the sprat, Clupea
Most are specific for particular host tissues.
* An attempt has been made to conform to the revised system of classification of
the Protozoa (Honigberg et al , 1964).