126
MALCOLM R. CLARKE
1952, 1962) and from the Cape (Robson, 1924a; Thore, 1945; VOSE,
1962e). There is also a record from Dalmatia (Kolombatavitsch, 1890
after Adam, 1952). It appears to favour temperatures of 9"-18"C
(Mangold-Wirz, 196313).
The species probably lives on or near to the bottom in depths of
about 20-700 m. Grimpe (1925) found that it inhabited depths less
than 200 m in the North Sea. Robson (1926a) found it at 20 m off
Morocco .
In regions where it is found, it is only occasionally taken and does
not usually vary greatly thoughout the year except off the Scottish
coast where large numbers have been recorded in some years (Rae,
1961). There is little evidence that seasonal migrations take place.
In the Catalonian Sea egg laying appears to extend, from the sexual
condition of the adults, for at least 9 months of the year (Mangold-Wirz,
1963b); mature females being present from March until November.
In most collections there seems t o be little disparity between the
number of males and females. Mangold-Wirz (1963b) found that
males reach maturity at a mantle length of about 11-14 cm while
females reach maturity a t about 16-19 cm. The largest recorded male
is 13.0 cm (Girard, 1889) and the largest female is 27.0 cm in mantle
length (Degner, 1925). Adam (1952) described the hectocotylization
of the two ventral arms in the male. Spermatophores are deposited on
the females in the receptaculum seminis at the base of the third arm.
About 200 spermatophores are produced by each male and females can
produce 5 000-10 000 eggs (Mangold-Wirz, 1963b). A large egg capsule
is produced to judge from the nidamental glands, which become so
enlarged that they are as long as the mantle (Adam, 1952). Nothing
is known of the food of the species, but predators include Germo
alalunga (Bouxin and Legendre, 1936) and Heptanchus (Adam, 1952).
A t times the species has assumed economic importance because it has
been confused with Loligo by fishermen but has proved unpalatable
(Rae, 1961).
H. Todarodes
Two of the better known species of squid belong to this genus.
1. Todarodes sagittatus (Lamarck, 1799)
Loligo sagittatus Lamarck, 1799
Loligo todarus VBrany, 1851
Ommatostrephes sagittatus Pfeffer, 1908b
An Atlantic and Mediterranean form, this has been recorded so
many times that only the more important works need be quoted
MALCOLM R. CLARKE
1952, 1962) and from the Cape (Robson, 1924a; Thore, 1945; VOSE,
1962e). There is also a record from Dalmatia (Kolombatavitsch, 1890
after Adam, 1952). It appears to favour temperatures of 9"-18"C
(Mangold-Wirz, 196313).
The species probably lives on or near to the bottom in depths of
about 20-700 m. Grimpe (1925) found that it inhabited depths less
than 200 m in the North Sea. Robson (1926a) found it at 20 m off
Morocco .
In regions where it is found, it is only occasionally taken and does
not usually vary greatly thoughout the year except off the Scottish
coast where large numbers have been recorded in some years (Rae,
1961). There is little evidence that seasonal migrations take place.
In the Catalonian Sea egg laying appears to extend, from the sexual
condition of the adults, for at least 9 months of the year (Mangold-Wirz,
1963b); mature females being present from March until November.
In most collections there seems t o be little disparity between the
number of males and females. Mangold-Wirz (1963b) found that
males reach maturity at a mantle length of about 11-14 cm while
females reach maturity a t about 16-19 cm. The largest recorded male
is 13.0 cm (Girard, 1889) and the largest female is 27.0 cm in mantle
length (Degner, 1925). Adam (1952) described the hectocotylization
of the two ventral arms in the male. Spermatophores are deposited on
the females in the receptaculum seminis at the base of the third arm.
About 200 spermatophores are produced by each male and females can
produce 5 000-10 000 eggs (Mangold-Wirz, 1963b). A large egg capsule
is produced to judge from the nidamental glands, which become so
enlarged that they are as long as the mantle (Adam, 1952). Nothing
is known of the food of the species, but predators include Germo
alalunga (Bouxin and Legendre, 1936) and Heptanchus (Adam, 1952).
A t times the species has assumed economic importance because it has
been confused with Loligo by fishermen but has proved unpalatable
(Rae, 1961).
H. Todarodes
Two of the better known species of squid belong to this genus.
1. Todarodes sagittatus (Lamarck, 1799)
Loligo sagittatus Lamarck, 1799
Loligo todarus VBrany, 1851
Ommatostrephes sagittatus Pfeffer, 1908b
An Atlantic and Mediterranean form, this has been recorded so
many times that only the more important works need be quoted