THE BLOOD GROUPS OF MARINE ANIMALS
113
lobster (Homarus americanus) and is reactive with the cells of some
individual Atlantic soa herring (Clupea harengus).
An inhibitor of human anti-A typing serums occurs in the
‘( oyster ” (Springer et al., 1954). Extracts of this form also inhibited
eel serum.
Consideration of observations such as those just cited, as well as
those on sperm and red cell agglutinins in lobster, sipunculid, and other
invertebrate serums (Tyler, 1946; Tyler et al., 1946; Triplett el al.,
1968) make it probable that specific soluble substances with properties
akin to blood group substances occur commonly in invertebrates.
While a great deal of rigorous work lies ahead, it is also probable that
these substances will be found to vary individually in some species
and come to be useful as genetic markers in subpopulation studies
on plankton and other forms. The next section includes information
pertinent to this consideration (of. Manwell, 1963).
D. Soluble molecules under genetic control
As already stated, this review is primarily concerned with the blood
groups of marine animals, particularly as these are useful in studies
of subpopulations. It is important, however, that recent research
has disclosed a number of genetically controlled polymorphic variations
among soluble molecules, and has developed simple methods for
their investigation. Such variations are already known to occur in
hemoglobins, hemerythrins, and serum and other proteins. An introduction to the literature on this subject, particularly as it pertains
to evolutionary problems, can be had through such publications as
those of Alston and Turner (1963), Anfinsen (1969), Ingram (1963),
Leone (1964), Manwell (1963), and Sibley (1969). Also pertinent are
the abstracts of the symposium “ New Techniques in Systematics ”
in the Proceedings of the 16th International Zoological Congress 1963
(cf. Sibley, 1963). Hildemann (1962) has provided an excellent review
of immunogenetic studies on poikilothermic animals that includes
suggestions on the use of serum isoantigens and transplantation
(histocompatibility) isoantigens in populations of lower vertebrates
(see also Hildemann in Cohen, 1962, and Hildemann and Cooper in
Siege4 1963). The reader is urged to familiarize himself with the
materials and methods referred to in the papers above, and cautioned
Pa~icularly to evaluate, in studies that he may make, the extent to
which environmental, physiological and technical variations might act
to invalidate interpretations based on genetic concepts. Comments
On some studies of soluble molecules that have been selected as perh n t to this review are given below.
113
lobster (Homarus americanus) and is reactive with the cells of some
individual Atlantic soa herring (Clupea harengus).
An inhibitor of human anti-A typing serums occurs in the
‘( oyster ” (Springer et al., 1954). Extracts of this form also inhibited
eel serum.
Consideration of observations such as those just cited, as well as
those on sperm and red cell agglutinins in lobster, sipunculid, and other
invertebrate serums (Tyler, 1946; Tyler et al., 1946; Triplett el al.,
1968) make it probable that specific soluble substances with properties
akin to blood group substances occur commonly in invertebrates.
While a great deal of rigorous work lies ahead, it is also probable that
these substances will be found to vary individually in some species
and come to be useful as genetic markers in subpopulation studies
on plankton and other forms. The next section includes information
pertinent to this consideration (of. Manwell, 1963).
D. Soluble molecules under genetic control
As already stated, this review is primarily concerned with the blood
groups of marine animals, particularly as these are useful in studies
of subpopulations. It is important, however, that recent research
has disclosed a number of genetically controlled polymorphic variations
among soluble molecules, and has developed simple methods for
their investigation. Such variations are already known to occur in
hemoglobins, hemerythrins, and serum and other proteins. An introduction to the literature on this subject, particularly as it pertains
to evolutionary problems, can be had through such publications as
those of Alston and Turner (1963), Anfinsen (1969), Ingram (1963),
Leone (1964), Manwell (1963), and Sibley (1969). Also pertinent are
the abstracts of the symposium “ New Techniques in Systematics ”
in the Proceedings of the 16th International Zoological Congress 1963
(cf. Sibley, 1963). Hildemann (1962) has provided an excellent review
of immunogenetic studies on poikilothermic animals that includes
suggestions on the use of serum isoantigens and transplantation
(histocompatibility) isoantigens in populations of lower vertebrates
(see also Hildemann in Cohen, 1962, and Hildemann and Cooper in
Siege4 1963). The reader is urged to familiarize himself with the
materials and methods referred to in the papers above, and cautioned
Pa~icularly to evaluate, in studies that he may make, the extent to
which environmental, physiological and technical variations might act
to invalidate interpretations based on genetic concepts. Comments
On some studies of soluble molecules that have been selected as perh n t to this review are given below.