112
JOHN E. CUSHING
Atlantic sea herring (Clupea hnrengus) that occur in the serums of
thorny skates (Raja radiata Donovan) and barn door skates (Raja
hevia Mitchill).
Some individual winter skate serums contained heteroagglutinins
for herring cells carrying the C antigen, and also for human type 0
erythrocytes. The titers of thcse heteroagglutinins, which were
followed in captive fish for almost a year, declined markedly during
winter months. This variation is attribut&d, at least in part, to the
drop in sea water temperature during these months, a relation that the
authors point out is in accord with observations showing that the
production of immune ant'ibodies by poikilothermic vertebrates is
temperature dependent (citations in Sindermann and Honey, 1968.
Additional citations relevant to antibody production by lower vertebrates will be found in Hildemann, 1962, and in the symposium
chaired by Sigel, 1963). Cushing and Sprague (1953) found that anti-A
and anti-B commercial human blood typing serums and rabbit antisheep cell serum, while strongly reactive with the cells of many marine
species of fish, failed to agglutinate those of the blue shark (Prionace
ghuca (L.), two specimens), the soupfin shark (Baleorhinus zygopterua
Jordan & Gilbert, two specimens), the thornback (Platyrhinoidis
triseriata (Jordan & Gilbert), one specimen). The cells of this last
epecies were weakly agglutinated by jack bean lectin.
8. Marine invertebrates
Few invertebrates have cells comparable to the erythrocytes of
vertebrates, and as a consequence very little effort has been made to
look for blood group reactive substances among these forms. A recent
investigation (Cushing et al., 196333) has shown that the hemerythrocytes of the sipunculid Dendrostomum zostericolum (Chamberlain) have
an antigenic specificity resembling that of human A, the Forssman
specificity, and other specificities not as well defined. None of these
varied among many individuals that were examined. However, they
contrasted markedly with those of the hemocytes of an individual
Innkeeper worm (Urechis caupo Fisher & MacGinitie). These did not
reaot with reagents that agglutinated sipunculid cells such as human
typing serums, Forssman reagent and the normal serums of basking
sharks and sea lions. This same study showed that the serum of
Octopus contained an as yet uncharacterized inhibitor of human
anti-A typing serum and that the serum of the spiny lobster (Panulirw
intemptus) had an agglutinin specific for the Ju2 antigen of sperm,
fin, sei and humpback whales. A similar agglutinin has already bcen
referred to (Section 111, C, 3b) that occurs in the serum of the Atlantio
JOHN E. CUSHING
Atlantic sea herring (Clupea hnrengus) that occur in the serums of
thorny skates (Raja radiata Donovan) and barn door skates (Raja
hevia Mitchill).
Some individual winter skate serums contained heteroagglutinins
for herring cells carrying the C antigen, and also for human type 0
erythrocytes. The titers of thcse heteroagglutinins, which were
followed in captive fish for almost a year, declined markedly during
winter months. This variation is attribut&d, at least in part, to the
drop in sea water temperature during these months, a relation that the
authors point out is in accord with observations showing that the
production of immune ant'ibodies by poikilothermic vertebrates is
temperature dependent (citations in Sindermann and Honey, 1968.
Additional citations relevant to antibody production by lower vertebrates will be found in Hildemann, 1962, and in the symposium
chaired by Sigel, 1963). Cushing and Sprague (1953) found that anti-A
and anti-B commercial human blood typing serums and rabbit antisheep cell serum, while strongly reactive with the cells of many marine
species of fish, failed to agglutinate those of the blue shark (Prionace
ghuca (L.), two specimens), the soupfin shark (Baleorhinus zygopterua
Jordan & Gilbert, two specimens), the thornback (Platyrhinoidis
triseriata (Jordan & Gilbert), one specimen). The cells of this last
epecies were weakly agglutinated by jack bean lectin.
8. Marine invertebrates
Few invertebrates have cells comparable to the erythrocytes of
vertebrates, and as a consequence very little effort has been made to
look for blood group reactive substances among these forms. A recent
investigation (Cushing et al., 196333) has shown that the hemerythrocytes of the sipunculid Dendrostomum zostericolum (Chamberlain) have
an antigenic specificity resembling that of human A, the Forssman
specificity, and other specificities not as well defined. None of these
varied among many individuals that were examined. However, they
contrasted markedly with those of the hemocytes of an individual
Innkeeper worm (Urechis caupo Fisher & MacGinitie). These did not
reaot with reagents that agglutinated sipunculid cells such as human
typing serums, Forssman reagent and the normal serums of basking
sharks and sea lions. This same study showed that the serum of
Octopus contained an as yet uncharacterized inhibitor of human
anti-A typing serum and that the serum of the spiny lobster (Panulirw
intemptus) had an agglutinin specific for the Ju2 antigen of sperm,
fin, sei and humpback whales. A similar agglutinin has already bcen
referred to (Section 111, C, 3b) that occurs in the serum of the Atlantio