THE BLOOD CIROUPS OF MARINE ANIMALS
111
Dolichos bijoris L. that is routinely used to distinguish the human A,
subtype. Vann has used this lectin to show that in the California
bonito (Sarda chiliensis (Cuvier)) a significant difference exists between
the frequencies of positive fish occurring in samples of fish of larger
and smaller sizes. The reaeon for this difference is under study, but
has not yet been determined.
Suzuki and Higasa (1962) report that the seeds of (‘gin n a n ”
(Qinkgo biloba L.) contain a lectin that appears to detect a new system
in albacore and bigeye, and that there were individual differences
among seeds that ranged from 0 to 1000 with respect to the titer of
their lectin content, The action of this lectin could be inhibited by
maltose, but not by lactose or galactose.
In retrospect it will be seen that the tunae are rich in antigenic
diversity and that this has already been used to good advantage in
revealing subpopulation differences in the albacore and skipjack.
7. The elusnzobranch.s
The first blood group system of elasmobranchs to be described
occurs in spiny dogfish Sqmlus acanthiae (Sindermann and Mairs,
1961). Here two antigens S, and S, formed four phenogroups that were
distributed among 138 individuals examined from the Gulf of Maine
as follows: type S, = 92; type S, = 1; type S,S, = 2 ; and type So
(neither S, or S,) = 43. Individuals lacking the S, antigen usually
had anti-S, in their serum, the only isoagglutinin found. Both antigens s, and s, could be identified with absorbed rabbit heteroimmune
serum while no reagent for So cells has yet been found. The ovoviparous
habit of this species made it possible to relate the blood groups of
embryos to that of their mother, embryonic cells reacting as specifically and intensely as those of adults. Seven females with blood
group S, had S,S,, S, and So pups, while five So females had So and S,
Pups.
A three-allele hypothesis approximated Hardy-Weinberg
expectations giving gene frequencies of 5’-44, Ss-O.O1 and S0--56.
These observations show the great potential this species offers
for obtaining population and family data. Additionally, as the authors
note, smaller selachians such as the dogfish are easily handled in
aquariums, yield copious amounts of blood, and often travel in schools ;
Points that add to this potential. Sindermann (1963a) and Sindermmn
and Honey (1 963) extended the studies on the dogfish to other elaamobranchs. These include research on a pair of antigens and their
i80agglutinins in the winter skate (Raja ocellata Mitohill), on iso%glutinins in the little skate (Raja etinacea Mitohill) and on hetero%glutinins for the red cells of certain individual winter skates end
111
Dolichos bijoris L. that is routinely used to distinguish the human A,
subtype. Vann has used this lectin to show that in the California
bonito (Sarda chiliensis (Cuvier)) a significant difference exists between
the frequencies of positive fish occurring in samples of fish of larger
and smaller sizes. The reaeon for this difference is under study, but
has not yet been determined.
Suzuki and Higasa (1962) report that the seeds of (‘gin n a n ”
(Qinkgo biloba L.) contain a lectin that appears to detect a new system
in albacore and bigeye, and that there were individual differences
among seeds that ranged from 0 to 1000 with respect to the titer of
their lectin content, The action of this lectin could be inhibited by
maltose, but not by lactose or galactose.
In retrospect it will be seen that the tunae are rich in antigenic
diversity and that this has already been used to good advantage in
revealing subpopulation differences in the albacore and skipjack.
7. The elusnzobranch.s
The first blood group system of elasmobranchs to be described
occurs in spiny dogfish Sqmlus acanthiae (Sindermann and Mairs,
1961). Here two antigens S, and S, formed four phenogroups that were
distributed among 138 individuals examined from the Gulf of Maine
as follows: type S, = 92; type S, = 1; type S,S, = 2 ; and type So
(neither S, or S,) = 43. Individuals lacking the S, antigen usually
had anti-S, in their serum, the only isoagglutinin found. Both antigens s, and s, could be identified with absorbed rabbit heteroimmune
serum while no reagent for So cells has yet been found. The ovoviparous
habit of this species made it possible to relate the blood groups of
embryos to that of their mother, embryonic cells reacting as specifically and intensely as those of adults. Seven females with blood
group S, had S,S,, S, and So pups, while five So females had So and S,
Pups.
A three-allele hypothesis approximated Hardy-Weinberg
expectations giving gene frequencies of 5’-44, Ss-O.O1 and S0--56.
These observations show the great potential this species offers
for obtaining population and family data. Additionally, as the authors
note, smaller selachians such as the dogfish are easily handled in
aquariums, yield copious amounts of blood, and often travel in schools ;
Points that add to this potential. Sindermann (1963a) and Sindermmn
and Honey (1 963) extended the studies on the dogfish to other elaamobranchs. These include research on a pair of antigens and their
i80agglutinins in the winter skate (Raja ocellata Mitohill), on iso%glutinins in the little skate (Raja etinacea Mitohill) and on hetero%glutinins for the red cells of certain individual winter skates end