106
JOHN E. CUSHINQ
were found that distinguished samples from rivers of Bristol Bay,
those of the eastern Pacific Coast from Kodiak Island to the F r w r
River, and the Columbia River system. The apparent trimodality
of the distribution of agglutination scores wtu~ used as a basis for
application of the Hardy-Weinberg formula. This gave results compatible with the concept that the variations being studied could be
interpreted as due to the phenotypio expression of the combinations
of a pair of allelic genes. Samples of Bristol Bay and Columbia River
fish compared a year later showed that the distinctions made could be
repeated with considerable precision, providing further evidence that
the variations are under genetic control.
A second study (Ridgway and Klontz, 1960) has demonstrated the
usefulness of absorbed rabbit and chicken heteroimmune serums in
the detection of blood types, not only in the red (sockeye), but in the
chinook (0. td~zwytscha (Walb.)), chum (0. keta (Walb.)) and pink
(0. gorbuschu (Walb.)) salmons. Differences also could be shown in
some instances among population samples of separate geographic
origins with respect to the blood types involved. Several of the immune
serums, while not capable of demonstrating individual differences
within the species the cells of which were used for immunization, made
useful reagents for other species when absorbed. This suggests that, as
in warm-blooded forms, antigens fixed in one species may be segregating in others, and that such use of antiserums may have a general
application. The study also included isoimmunization experiments
that revealed the presence of considerable antigenic diversity in the
sookeye salmon.
This work was carried forward through immunizations of the
rainbow trout (Sulmo gurdneri Richardson) (Ridgway, 1962b), where
not only a great range of antigenic diversity also was indicated, but
evidence of genetic segregation of the antigens involved was obtained.
In addition, trout isoimmune serums were found to be useful reagenta
for the detection of individual differences in the species of Pacific
salmon, a discovery of great practical significance as trout are more
readily manipulated in captivity than are salmon. The coupling of
the use of trout isoimmune serums with the capillary agglutination
technique of Chown and Lewis (1944, 1946), which uses very small
quantities of serum per test, has made it possible to initiate extensive
studies on the high seas (as well as in river systems) (Ridgway and
utter, 1963). Utter, Ridgway and Hodgins have recently completed
a study on the potential usefulness of plant extracts in the study of
populstions of salmon and other species. Their work leads them to the
ooncluaion that such extracts have potential value both aa hemagglu-
JOHN E. CUSHINQ
were found that distinguished samples from rivers of Bristol Bay,
those of the eastern Pacific Coast from Kodiak Island to the F r w r
River, and the Columbia River system. The apparent trimodality
of the distribution of agglutination scores wtu~ used as a basis for
application of the Hardy-Weinberg formula. This gave results compatible with the concept that the variations being studied could be
interpreted as due to the phenotypio expression of the combinations
of a pair of allelic genes. Samples of Bristol Bay and Columbia River
fish compared a year later showed that the distinctions made could be
repeated with considerable precision, providing further evidence that
the variations are under genetic control.
A second study (Ridgway and Klontz, 1960) has demonstrated the
usefulness of absorbed rabbit and chicken heteroimmune serums in
the detection of blood types, not only in the red (sockeye), but in the
chinook (0. td~zwytscha (Walb.)), chum (0. keta (Walb.)) and pink
(0. gorbuschu (Walb.)) salmons. Differences also could be shown in
some instances among population samples of separate geographic
origins with respect to the blood types involved. Several of the immune
serums, while not capable of demonstrating individual differences
within the species the cells of which were used for immunization, made
useful reagents for other species when absorbed. This suggests that, as
in warm-blooded forms, antigens fixed in one species may be segregating in others, and that such use of antiserums may have a general
application. The study also included isoimmunization experiments
that revealed the presence of considerable antigenic diversity in the
sookeye salmon.
This work was carried forward through immunizations of the
rainbow trout (Sulmo gurdneri Richardson) (Ridgway, 1962b), where
not only a great range of antigenic diversity also was indicated, but
evidence of genetic segregation of the antigens involved was obtained.
In addition, trout isoimmune serums were found to be useful reagenta
for the detection of individual differences in the species of Pacific
salmon, a discovery of great practical significance as trout are more
readily manipulated in captivity than are salmon. The coupling of
the use of trout isoimmune serums with the capillary agglutination
technique of Chown and Lewis (1944, 1946), which uses very small
quantities of serum per test, has made it possible to initiate extensive
studies on the high seas (as well as in river systems) (Ridgway and
utter, 1963). Utter, Ridgway and Hodgins have recently completed
a study on the potential usefulness of plant extracts in the study of
populstions of salmon and other species. Their work leads them to the
ooncluaion that such extracts have potential value both aa hemagglu-