62
2. Formulating
the
Problem
records of water usage that can be related to such factors as the population,
degree of industrialization, and general climate of the city and projected
into the future [Howe and Linaweaver, 1967].
Agencies of international organizations such as the United Nations
(UN) and the Organization of American States (OAS) have provided data
on municipal [Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, 1963] and industrial water use [United Nations, 1958]. Additional
data for Latin America have been published by the Center of Latin American Studies [1962].
Future industrial demand for water has been empirically evaluated by
Olson [1966] and Sewell and Bower [1968]. In the United States, the
quinquennial U.S. Census of Manufacturers, [1972] is the comprehensive
source of past industrial water use data. Water used in the petroleum and
mineral extraction sectors has also been estimated [Buttermore, 1966;
Kaufman and Nadler, 1966]. Several other sources of primary data are
available [State of California Department of Water Resources, 1964;
National Association of Manufacturers and Chamber of Commerce of the
United States, 1965; Texas Water Development Board, 1968]. Comprehensive data for industrial water use in California and Texas has been
compiled [Lofting and McGauhey 1968].
(c)
HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY
In the model the profile of future energy demands [Pa in constraint
(2.10)] has been taken directly from the published data. Data for the
generation of hydroelectric energy are a function of the characteristics of
each individual dam: (1) the volume of dead-water storage behind the
dam, (2) the land topography around the dam site, and (3) whether or
not the water behind the dam is kept at a constant level. The energy
revenue coefficients that are used for the calculation of the return in Eq.
(2.7) are the wholesale unit prices quoted by local agencies currently
selling hydroelectric energy. Published data on hydroelectric energy have
concentrated on two factors: (1) the maximum availability of hydroelectric
energy in a given area, and (2) the present rate of increase of availability
of hydroelectric energy (e.g., United Nations [1962], ECLA [1967]). In
the United States, the principal sources of data on the hydroelectric energy
generation characteristics of dams are publications of the U.S. Department
of Defense, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the U.S. Department of
the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation.
2. Formulating
the
Problem
records of water usage that can be related to such factors as the population,
degree of industrialization, and general climate of the city and projected
into the future [Howe and Linaweaver, 1967].
Agencies of international organizations such as the United Nations
(UN) and the Organization of American States (OAS) have provided data
on municipal [Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, 1963] and industrial water use [United Nations, 1958]. Additional
data for Latin America have been published by the Center of Latin American Studies [1962].
Future industrial demand for water has been empirically evaluated by
Olson [1966] and Sewell and Bower [1968]. In the United States, the
quinquennial U.S. Census of Manufacturers, [1972] is the comprehensive
source of past industrial water use data. Water used in the petroleum and
mineral extraction sectors has also been estimated [Buttermore, 1966;
Kaufman and Nadler, 1966]. Several other sources of primary data are
available [State of California Department of Water Resources, 1964;
National Association of Manufacturers and Chamber of Commerce of the
United States, 1965; Texas Water Development Board, 1968]. Comprehensive data for industrial water use in California and Texas has been
compiled [Lofting and McGauhey 1968].
(c)
HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY
In the model the profile of future energy demands [Pa in constraint
(2.10)] has been taken directly from the published data. Data for the
generation of hydroelectric energy are a function of the characteristics of
each individual dam: (1) the volume of dead-water storage behind the
dam, (2) the land topography around the dam site, and (3) whether or
not the water behind the dam is kept at a constant level. The energy
revenue coefficients that are used for the calculation of the return in Eq.
(2.7) are the wholesale unit prices quoted by local agencies currently
selling hydroelectric energy. Published data on hydroelectric energy have
concentrated on two factors: (1) the maximum availability of hydroelectric
energy in a given area, and (2) the present rate of increase of availability
of hydroelectric energy (e.g., United Nations [1962], ECLA [1967]). In
the United States, the principal sources of data on the hydroelectric energy
generation characteristics of dams are publications of the U.S. Department
of Defense, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the U.S. Department of
the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation.