SUBJECT INDEX
375
specimen
preparation,
347,
349-352
(Fig. 42)
theoretical aspects, 346-348
Negative stains
cadmium iodide, 348
characteristics, 347
contrast, 347, 353
disodium hydrogen phosphate, 347
mercuric salts, 349
microscopy, 353
phosphotungstic acid (see sodium phosphotungstate)
resolution, 347
silver nitrate, 348
sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 347
sodium phosphotungstate, 348 (Fig. 42)
sodium tungstate, 348
thallium carbonate, 347
thallium
fluoride,
348
uranyl acetate, 348
uranyl nitrate, 348
Nets (see supporting films)
Nickel for shadowing, 333
Nile blue, 261
Nitrocellulose replicas, 341
Nuclei, 47, 61-62 (Figs. 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 28)
O
Objective aperture
alignment, 267-268, 271-276, 280, 281,
282, 283 (Fig. 31)
cleaning, 276-277
contrast, effect upon, 265, 268, 269, 270
(Fig. 30)
contamination, 267, 270, 271, 275, 276,
277, 283, 289-291, 294, 296-297, 309
copper, 277-280 (Fig. 32)
historical, 137, 265-269
manufacture, 277-280 (Fig. 32)
molybdenum, 276-277
platinum, 276
position, 269-271
size, 270, 280 (Fig. 30)
sources, 362
Objective lens
astigmatism, 267-268, 270, 271, 276, 289293, 309 (Fig. 34)
compensation, 3, 137, 267-268, 280, 289293 (Fig. 34 d-k)
contamination, 296, 298
current alignment, 282-283
electrostatic compensation, 268
magnetic compensation, 268
voltage alignment, 275, 282-284
Orcein, 261
Osmium tetroxide
Afzelius* carbon tetrachloride fixative,
44-45
Bennett and Luft's collidine
buffered
fixative, 40-41
Caulfield's isotonic fixative, 37-38
Claude's acidic fixative, 44
Criteria of good fixation, 46-49 (Fig. 2)
Dalton's
chrome-osmium
tetroxide,
41-42
danger, 19, 21, 23, 27
duration, 46, 354
frozen-dried tissue, 73
frozen-substituted tissue, 73
gelatin interaction, 128
Helander's alkaline
fixative,
44
Kellenberger, Ryter and Sechaud's bacterial preservation, 42-43
Millonig's phosphate buffered
fixative,
39-40, 354
Palade's Veronal buffered
fixative,
3537, 39
penetration, 14, 28, 29-30, 56
perfusion, 14, 23, 25-28
pH, 38
secondary
fixation,
14, 15, 20, 23, 29,
35, 47, 50, 51, 56, 61-63, 246, 354
(Figs. 3, 10, 12, 28, 39, 40)
stain, 82, 216
staining, 243-245
Tahmisian's isotonic
fixative,
39
Tahmisian's permanganate-osmium tetroxide, 44, 67
temperature, 27, 45
use, 14, 16-19, 28, 34-49
variations, 37-45
Zetterqvist's isotonic
fixative,
38-39
Outline, basic technique, 354-356
375
specimen
preparation,
347,
349-352
(Fig. 42)
theoretical aspects, 346-348
Negative stains
cadmium iodide, 348
characteristics, 347
contrast, 347, 353
disodium hydrogen phosphate, 347
mercuric salts, 349
microscopy, 353
phosphotungstic acid (see sodium phosphotungstate)
resolution, 347
silver nitrate, 348
sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 347
sodium phosphotungstate, 348 (Fig. 42)
sodium tungstate, 348
thallium carbonate, 347
thallium
fluoride,
348
uranyl acetate, 348
uranyl nitrate, 348
Nets (see supporting films)
Nickel for shadowing, 333
Nile blue, 261
Nitrocellulose replicas, 341
Nuclei, 47, 61-62 (Figs. 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 28)
O
Objective aperture
alignment, 267-268, 271-276, 280, 281,
282, 283 (Fig. 31)
cleaning, 276-277
contrast, effect upon, 265, 268, 269, 270
(Fig. 30)
contamination, 267, 270, 271, 275, 276,
277, 283, 289-291, 294, 296-297, 309
copper, 277-280 (Fig. 32)
historical, 137, 265-269
manufacture, 277-280 (Fig. 32)
molybdenum, 276-277
platinum, 276
position, 269-271
size, 270, 280 (Fig. 30)
sources, 362
Objective lens
astigmatism, 267-268, 270, 271, 276, 289293, 309 (Fig. 34)
compensation, 3, 137, 267-268, 280, 289293 (Fig. 34 d-k)
contamination, 296, 298
current alignment, 282-283
electrostatic compensation, 268
magnetic compensation, 268
voltage alignment, 275, 282-284
Orcein, 261
Osmium tetroxide
Afzelius* carbon tetrachloride fixative,
44-45
Bennett and Luft's collidine
buffered
fixative, 40-41
Caulfield's isotonic fixative, 37-38
Claude's acidic fixative, 44
Criteria of good fixation, 46-49 (Fig. 2)
Dalton's
chrome-osmium
tetroxide,
41-42
danger, 19, 21, 23, 27
duration, 46, 354
frozen-dried tissue, 73
frozen-substituted tissue, 73
gelatin interaction, 128
Helander's alkaline
fixative,
44
Kellenberger, Ryter and Sechaud's bacterial preservation, 42-43
Millonig's phosphate buffered
fixative,
39-40, 354
Palade's Veronal buffered
fixative,
3537, 39
penetration, 14, 28, 29-30, 56
perfusion, 14, 23, 25-28
pH, 38
secondary
fixation,
14, 15, 20, 23, 29,
35, 47, 50, 51, 56, 61-63, 246, 354
(Figs. 3, 10, 12, 28, 39, 40)
stain, 82, 216
staining, 243-245
Tahmisian's isotonic
fixative,
39
Tahmisian's permanganate-osmium tetroxide, 44, 67
temperature, 27, 45
use, 14, 16-19, 28, 34-49
variations, 37-45
Zetterqvist's isotonic
fixative,
38-39
Outline, basic technique, 354-356