Landslides (cont.)
potential for, 205
vegetation removal, effect
of, 202
water/rainfall as triggers, 204
Lapilli, 98
Laramide orogeny, 475
Lateral moraines, 275
Laterite soils, 140
Laughing gas, 513
Lava
block, 96
domes, 111
flows, 95–96
pillow, 96
tubes, 96
Lava creek tuff, 109
Lava domes, 111
Mono Craters (California),
112
Mt. St. Helens, 111
Lava flows, 95–96
aa type, 96
decompression melting, 76
pahoehoe type, 96
Lava plateaus, 26
Lava tubes, 96
Law of superposition, 7, 440
Leaching, 137
Left-lateral strikeslip fault, 423
Light (nonferromagnesian)
silicates, 53–54
Light-year, 22
Lignite, 160
Limestone, 39, 156
caverns, 129
uses, 55
Liquefaction, 349
in earthquakes, 203
effects of, 349
Lithification, 20, 161
Lithosphere, 24, 357
Lithospheric plates, 28–29, 369
boundaries, 29–32
convergent, 30–32
divergent, 29–30
transform fault, 29, 32
Lobe-finned fish, 481
Local level streams, 227
Loess (Silt) deposits, 299, 303
Logarithmic scale, 345
Longitudinal dunes, 301–302
Longitudinal profile, streamflow,
221
Long-range forecasts, earthquake,
353–355
Longshore bars, 314
Longshore currents, 315
Longshore transport, 315
Long-term variations, 508
Longwave radiation, 502
Losing stream (connected), 244
Losing stream (disconnected),
244
Lower mantle, 24
Low-latitude deserts, 289
equatorial low, 289
subtropical highs, 289
Lunar regolith, 131
Lunar tide, 331
Luster, 44
M
Magma, 20, 64–65
assimilation, 79
composition, 93
crystallization, 65
evolution of, 77
gases, 96
magma mixing, 79
magmatic differentiation, 78
mixing, 79
nature of, 64
origin of, 76–77
partial melting, 80
solid rock, generation from,
76–77
viscosity, 93
volatiles, effect of, 93
Magmatic differentiation, 78
Magnetic reversals, 382
Magnetic time scale, 382
Magnetite, 380
Magnetometers, 382
Magnitude, earthquakes, 343
moment magnitude, 346
scales, 344–346
Malaspina Glacier, 265
Mammoths, 446
Mantle, 22, 356–357
asthenosphere, 357
lithosphere, 357
lower, 24
peridotite, 357
plume, 117
upper, 24
Mantle plumes, 380, 385
Marble, 187
Marine terrace, 316
Marsupial mammals, 488
Mass number, 44, 450
Mass wasting
controls of, 200
creep, 207, 211
debris flow, 209
earthflows, 210
earthquakes as triggers of, 202
gravity, effect of, 200
in Grand Canyon, 200
lahars, 209–210
landform development
and, 199
in Monument Valley
(Utah), 124
oversteepened slopes, 201
permafrost, 211
rate of movement,
classification by, 206
rockslides, 206, 208
role of, 199
slopes, 200
slow movements, 211
slump, 207
snow avalanches, 207
solifluction, 211
talus slope, 206
triggers of, 200
type of material, classification
by, 205
type of motion, classification
by, 205
water, effect of, 201
Matrix, 154
Meandering channels, 225
Mechanical weathering, 125–128
biological activity, 128
frost wedging, 126
salt crystal growth, 126–127
sheeting, 127
Medial moraines, 275
Megathrust, 346
Melt, 64
Mendocino fault, 377
Mesopause, 502
Mesosaurus, 364
Mesozoic era, Age of the
Dinosaurs, 483–487
Mesozoic History, 455, 474
Metallic bond, 43
Metallic substance, 41
Metamorphic aureole, 188
Metamorphism/Metamorphic
rock, 18, 20, 407
agents of, 178–180
along fault zones, 190–191
aureoles, 188
burial metamorphism, 190
chemically active fluids, 181
classification of, 185
confining pressure, 180
contact metamorphism, 188
differential stress, 180
environments, 188
foliated rocks, 186–187
foliation, 182
gneiss, 187
hydrothermal metamorphism,
189
impact metamorphism, 191
introduction to, 17
low- vs. high-grade
metamorphism, 192–193
marble, 187
metamorphic zones, 191–192
migmatites, 193
mylonites, 191
nonfoliated rocks,187
nonfoliated textures, 184
phyllite, 186
quartzite, 187
regional metamorphism, 190
rocks, 185–187
schistosity, 184
schists, 186–187
slate, 186
subduction zone
metamorphism, 190
textures of, 181–182
Metasomatism, 189
Meteorites, 22, 192
Mica schist, 186
Microcontinents, 428
Middle-latitude deserts, 289–291
Mid-ocean ridge, 27, 402
Migmatites, 193
Mineralogy, 38
Minerals, 18
atoms, 40–44
brittle vs. malleable, 46
characteristics, 38
cleavage, 47
color of, 44
crystal shape/habit, 45–46
definition, 38
fracture, 47
groups, 49
hardness (Mohs scale), 46
luster, 44
mineral resources, 56–57
optical properties of, 44
physical properties of, 44–49
specific gravity, 48
streak plate, testing with, 45
strength, 46
tenacity, 46
Mississippi delta, 230–231
Modern geology, 5
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale,
343–344
logarithmic scale, 345
magnitude scales, 344–346
Richter scale, 345
Mohs scale, 46
Mold, 446
Molecules, 41
Mollisols, 139
Monoclines, 420
Moraines, 275–277
end moraines, 275
ground moraines, 275
lateral moraines, 275
medial moraines, 275
Mother-of-pearl, 55
Mount Pinatubo, 507
Mount St. Helens, 506
Mountain belts, 25
Mountain building, 425, 427
along Andean-type
margins, 426
active continental
margins, 426
passive continental
margin, 426
at subduction zones, 425–427
INDEX
550
potential for, 205
vegetation removal, effect
of, 202
water/rainfall as triggers, 204
Lapilli, 98
Laramide orogeny, 475
Lateral moraines, 275
Laterite soils, 140
Laughing gas, 513
Lava
block, 96
domes, 111
flows, 95–96
pillow, 96
tubes, 96
Lava creek tuff, 109
Lava domes, 111
Mono Craters (California),
112
Mt. St. Helens, 111
Lava flows, 95–96
aa type, 96
decompression melting, 76
pahoehoe type, 96
Lava plateaus, 26
Lava tubes, 96
Law of superposition, 7, 440
Leaching, 137
Left-lateral strikeslip fault, 423
Light (nonferromagnesian)
silicates, 53–54
Light-year, 22
Lignite, 160
Limestone, 39, 156
caverns, 129
uses, 55
Liquefaction, 349
in earthquakes, 203
effects of, 349
Lithification, 20, 161
Lithosphere, 24, 357
Lithospheric plates, 28–29, 369
boundaries, 29–32
convergent, 30–32
divergent, 29–30
transform fault, 29, 32
Lobe-finned fish, 481
Local level streams, 227
Loess (Silt) deposits, 299, 303
Logarithmic scale, 345
Longitudinal dunes, 301–302
Longitudinal profile, streamflow,
221
Long-range forecasts, earthquake,
353–355
Longshore bars, 314
Longshore currents, 315
Longshore transport, 315
Long-term variations, 508
Longwave radiation, 502
Losing stream (connected), 244
Losing stream (disconnected),
244
Lower mantle, 24
Low-latitude deserts, 289
equatorial low, 289
subtropical highs, 289
Lunar regolith, 131
Lunar tide, 331
Luster, 44
M
Magma, 20, 64–65
assimilation, 79
composition, 93
crystallization, 65
evolution of, 77
gases, 96
magma mixing, 79
magmatic differentiation, 78
mixing, 79
nature of, 64
origin of, 76–77
partial melting, 80
solid rock, generation from,
76–77
viscosity, 93
volatiles, effect of, 93
Magmatic differentiation, 78
Magnetic reversals, 382
Magnetic time scale, 382
Magnetite, 380
Magnetometers, 382
Magnitude, earthquakes, 343
moment magnitude, 346
scales, 344–346
Malaspina Glacier, 265
Mammoths, 446
Mantle, 22, 356–357
asthenosphere, 357
lithosphere, 357
lower, 24
peridotite, 357
plume, 117
upper, 24
Mantle plumes, 380, 385
Marble, 187
Marine terrace, 316
Marsupial mammals, 488
Mass number, 44, 450
Mass wasting
controls of, 200
creep, 207, 211
debris flow, 209
earthflows, 210
earthquakes as triggers of, 202
gravity, effect of, 200
in Grand Canyon, 200
lahars, 209–210
landform development
and, 199
in Monument Valley
(Utah), 124
oversteepened slopes, 201
permafrost, 211
rate of movement,
classification by, 206
rockslides, 206, 208
role of, 199
slopes, 200
slow movements, 211
slump, 207
snow avalanches, 207
solifluction, 211
talus slope, 206
triggers of, 200
type of material, classification
by, 205
type of motion, classification
by, 205
water, effect of, 201
Matrix, 154
Meandering channels, 225
Mechanical weathering, 125–128
biological activity, 128
frost wedging, 126
salt crystal growth, 126–127
sheeting, 127
Medial moraines, 275
Megathrust, 346
Melt, 64
Mendocino fault, 377
Mesopause, 502
Mesosaurus, 364
Mesozoic era, Age of the
Dinosaurs, 483–487
Mesozoic History, 455, 474
Metallic bond, 43
Metallic substance, 41
Metamorphic aureole, 188
Metamorphism/Metamorphic
rock, 18, 20, 407
agents of, 178–180
along fault zones, 190–191
aureoles, 188
burial metamorphism, 190
chemically active fluids, 181
classification of, 185
confining pressure, 180
contact metamorphism, 188
differential stress, 180
environments, 188
foliated rocks, 186–187
foliation, 182
gneiss, 187
hydrothermal metamorphism,
189
impact metamorphism, 191
introduction to, 17
low- vs. high-grade
metamorphism, 192–193
marble, 187
metamorphic zones, 191–192
migmatites, 193
mylonites, 191
nonfoliated rocks,187
nonfoliated textures, 184
phyllite, 186
quartzite, 187
regional metamorphism, 190
rocks, 185–187
schistosity, 184
schists, 186–187
slate, 186
subduction zone
metamorphism, 190
textures of, 181–182
Metasomatism, 189
Meteorites, 22, 192
Mica schist, 186
Microcontinents, 428
Middle-latitude deserts, 289–291
Mid-ocean ridge, 27, 402
Migmatites, 193
Mineralogy, 38
Minerals, 18
atoms, 40–44
brittle vs. malleable, 46
characteristics, 38
cleavage, 47
color of, 44
crystal shape/habit, 45–46
definition, 38
fracture, 47
groups, 49
hardness (Mohs scale), 46
luster, 44
mineral resources, 56–57
optical properties of, 44
physical properties of, 44–49
specific gravity, 48
streak plate, testing with, 45
strength, 46
tenacity, 46
Mississippi delta, 230–231
Modern geology, 5
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale,
343–344
logarithmic scale, 345
magnitude scales, 344–346
Richter scale, 345
Mohs scale, 46
Mold, 446
Molecules, 41
Mollisols, 139
Monoclines, 420
Moraines, 275–277
end moraines, 275
ground moraines, 275
lateral moraines, 275
medial moraines, 275
Mother-of-pearl, 55
Mount Pinatubo, 507
Mount St. Helens, 506
Mountain belts, 25
Mountain building, 425, 427
along Andean-type
margins, 426
active continental
margins, 426
passive continental
margin, 426
at subduction zones, 425–427
INDEX
550