Great Permian Extinction,
481–483
Greenhouse effect, 499, 504
Greenhouse gas, 16
Greenland’ s glacial budget, 269
Groins, 321
Gros Ventre (rockslide), 209
Ground moraines, 275
Ground subsidence, 348–349
Groundwater, 238–259
aquifers, 245
aquitards, 245
contamination, 251–252
distribution of, 240, 243
environmental problems
associated with, 250–252
flow system, 246
geologic work of, 255–258
See also Caverns
importance of, 240–243
Karst topography, 256–258
movement
factors influencing, 245–249
measuring, 246–247
as nonrenewable resource, 250
occupancy, 241
perched water table, 247
permeability, 245
porosity, 245
springs, 247
storage, factors influencing,
245–249
streams and, interaction
between, 244–245
gaining streams, 244
losing stream
(connected), 244
losing stream
(disconnected), 244
transpiration, 246
unsaturated zone, 243
use, 242
withdrawal, land subsidence
caused by, 250–251
zone of saturation, 243
See also Wells
Gulf coast, 324
Gullies, 142
Guyots, 399–400
Gypsum, 57
uses, 169
H
Hadean, 455
Half-grabens, 422
Half-life, 451–452
Halite, uses, 169
Hanging valley, 271
Hanging wall block, 422
Hard stabilization, shorelines,
320–322
alternatives to, 322
beach nourishment, 322
coarse calcareous sand, 323
muddier calcareous
sand, 323
breakwaters, 321
groins, 321
jetties, 320
seawalls, 321
Hardness, 46
Hawaiian Island–Emperor
Seamount chain, 380
Heat
changes caused by, 178
geothermal gradient, 179
as a metamorphic agent,
178–179
source, 179
Heating the atmosphere,
502–505
electromagnetic spectrum, 502
energy from the Sun, 502–503
fate of incoming solar energy,
503–504
longwave radiation, 502
shortwave radiation, 502
Heavy rains, 328
High-resolution multibeam, 395
Himalayas, 429–430
Historical geology, 2
Histosols, 139
HMS Beagle, 401
HMS Challenger, 394
Hogbacks, 420
Homo sapiens, 489
Horizons, 137
Horizontal tidal flow, 331
Hornblende, 55
Horns, 272–273
Horsts, 422
Hot spots, 117, 379–380
Hot springs, 249, 252–254
Hubbard Glacier, 268
Hurricanes, 324–329
destruction, 326–327
profile of, 325–326
Hydraulic conductivity, 247
Hydraulic gradient, 246
Hydrologic cycle, 216–217
distribution of Earth’ s
water, 217
Earth system, 16
glaciers, 262
infiltration, 216
Hydrosphere, 12–13, 216
fresh water of, 240
Hydrothermal (hot-water)
solution, 86
Hydrothermal metamorphism,
189
Hydrothermal processes, 407
disseminated deposits, 86
and metal deposits, 86
and pegmatite, 84
Hypothesis, 8
I
Ice, melting, 264–265
Ice Age Glaciers, 278–280
crustal subsidence, 278
ice dams create proglacial
lakes, 279–280
rebound, 278
rivers before and after,
278–279
sea-level changes, 278
Ice caps, 264
Ice-jam floods, 233–234
Ice sheets, 263
Ice shelves, 263
Ichthyosaurs, 484
Igneous rocks, 18, 20
andesite, 74
andesitic composition, 67
aphanitic, 68
basaltic composition, 67
basic igneous structures, 81
Bowen’ s reaction series, 78–80
classification of, 71
compositions, 65
crystallization in, 65
diorite, 74
felsic (granitic), 71–72
fragmental, 70
gabbro, 75
glassy, 69–70
granitic composition, 66
intrusive igneous activity, 80–84
mafic (basaltic), 74–75
metallic minerals
occurrences, 85
mineral resources, 84–86
naming of, 71
pegmatitic, 70–71
peridotite, 67
phaneritic, 69
porphyritic, 69
processes, 65
pumice, 74
pyroclastic, 70, 75
rhyolite, 73
silica content in, 67–71
textures, 67
ultramafic, 67
vesicular, 69
See also Magma
Immature soils, 138
Impactiles, 191
Impressions, 447
Inceptisols, 139
Incised meanders, 229–230
Inclusions, 441–442
Index fossils, 448
Index minerals, 192
Inertia, 340
Infiltration, 216
Inland flooding, 327–328
Inner core, 24
Inorganic limestones, 158
Inorganic process, 156
Inselberg, 294
Integrated Ocean Drilling
Program (IODP), 379
Interface, 16, 308
Interior drainage, 293
International Commission on
Stratigraphy (ICS), 456
International Union of
Geological Sciences, 456
Intraplate volcanism, 117
Intrusions, 81
Ionic bond, 42
Ionic compounds, 41
Island arc, 374
Island archipelagos, 116
Isostasy, 432
isostatic adjustment, 432
Isotopes, 44, 450
radioactive decay, 44
J
Jasper, 159
Jetties, 320
JOIDES Resolution, 379
Joints, 127, 424
Jurassic, 474
K
Kames, 277–278
Kaolinite, 54
Karats, 40
Karst topography, 256–258
Kettles, 275–277
Kimberlite, 86
Kutiah Glacier, 266
L
Laccoliths, 83
Lahars
hazards, 118
mass wasting, 209–210
Laki fissure eruption, 111
Laminae, 153
Laminar flow, 219
‘Land of fire and ice’, 264
Land subsidence groundwater
withdrawal causing,
250–251
Landforms created by glacial
erosion, 270–274
Landslides, 348–349
Blackhawk (California), 207
in Kashmir, 198
at La Conchita (California),
204
as natural disasters, 198
on Oahu (Hawaii), 204
in Pacific Palisades
(California), 198
549
INDEX
481–483
Greenhouse effect, 499, 504
Greenhouse gas, 16
Greenland’ s glacial budget, 269
Groins, 321
Gros Ventre (rockslide), 209
Ground moraines, 275
Ground subsidence, 348–349
Groundwater, 238–259
aquifers, 245
aquitards, 245
contamination, 251–252
distribution of, 240, 243
environmental problems
associated with, 250–252
flow system, 246
geologic work of, 255–258
See also Caverns
importance of, 240–243
Karst topography, 256–258
movement
factors influencing, 245–249
measuring, 246–247
as nonrenewable resource, 250
occupancy, 241
perched water table, 247
permeability, 245
porosity, 245
springs, 247
storage, factors influencing,
245–249
streams and, interaction
between, 244–245
gaining streams, 244
losing stream
(connected), 244
losing stream
(disconnected), 244
transpiration, 246
unsaturated zone, 243
use, 242
withdrawal, land subsidence
caused by, 250–251
zone of saturation, 243
See also Wells
Gulf coast, 324
Gullies, 142
Guyots, 399–400
Gypsum, 57
uses, 169
H
Hadean, 455
Half-grabens, 422
Half-life, 451–452
Halite, uses, 169
Hanging valley, 271
Hanging wall block, 422
Hard stabilization, shorelines,
320–322
alternatives to, 322
beach nourishment, 322
coarse calcareous sand, 323
muddier calcareous
sand, 323
breakwaters, 321
groins, 321
jetties, 320
seawalls, 321
Hardness, 46
Hawaiian Island–Emperor
Seamount chain, 380
Heat
changes caused by, 178
geothermal gradient, 179
as a metamorphic agent,
178–179
source, 179
Heating the atmosphere,
502–505
electromagnetic spectrum, 502
energy from the Sun, 502–503
fate of incoming solar energy,
503–504
longwave radiation, 502
shortwave radiation, 502
Heavy rains, 328
High-resolution multibeam, 395
Himalayas, 429–430
Historical geology, 2
Histosols, 139
HMS Beagle, 401
HMS Challenger, 394
Hogbacks, 420
Homo sapiens, 489
Horizons, 137
Horizontal tidal flow, 331
Hornblende, 55
Horns, 272–273
Horsts, 422
Hot spots, 117, 379–380
Hot springs, 249, 252–254
Hubbard Glacier, 268
Hurricanes, 324–329
destruction, 326–327
profile of, 325–326
Hydraulic conductivity, 247
Hydraulic gradient, 246
Hydrologic cycle, 216–217
distribution of Earth’ s
water, 217
Earth system, 16
glaciers, 262
infiltration, 216
Hydrosphere, 12–13, 216
fresh water of, 240
Hydrothermal (hot-water)
solution, 86
Hydrothermal metamorphism,
189
Hydrothermal processes, 407
disseminated deposits, 86
and metal deposits, 86
and pegmatite, 84
Hypothesis, 8
I
Ice, melting, 264–265
Ice Age Glaciers, 278–280
crustal subsidence, 278
ice dams create proglacial
lakes, 279–280
rebound, 278
rivers before and after,
278–279
sea-level changes, 278
Ice caps, 264
Ice-jam floods, 233–234
Ice sheets, 263
Ice shelves, 263
Ichthyosaurs, 484
Igneous rocks, 18, 20
andesite, 74
andesitic composition, 67
aphanitic, 68
basaltic composition, 67
basic igneous structures, 81
Bowen’ s reaction series, 78–80
classification of, 71
compositions, 65
crystallization in, 65
diorite, 74
felsic (granitic), 71–72
fragmental, 70
gabbro, 75
glassy, 69–70
granitic composition, 66
intrusive igneous activity, 80–84
mafic (basaltic), 74–75
metallic minerals
occurrences, 85
mineral resources, 84–86
naming of, 71
pegmatitic, 70–71
peridotite, 67
phaneritic, 69
porphyritic, 69
processes, 65
pumice, 74
pyroclastic, 70, 75
rhyolite, 73
silica content in, 67–71
textures, 67
ultramafic, 67
vesicular, 69
See also Magma
Immature soils, 138
Impactiles, 191
Impressions, 447
Inceptisols, 139
Incised meanders, 229–230
Inclusions, 441–442
Index fossils, 448
Index minerals, 192
Inertia, 340
Infiltration, 216
Inland flooding, 327–328
Inner core, 24
Inorganic limestones, 158
Inorganic process, 156
Inselberg, 294
Integrated Ocean Drilling
Program (IODP), 379
Interface, 16, 308
Interior drainage, 293
International Commission on
Stratigraphy (ICS), 456
International Union of
Geological Sciences, 456
Intraplate volcanism, 117
Intrusions, 81
Ionic bond, 42
Ionic compounds, 41
Island arc, 374
Island archipelagos, 116
Isostasy, 432
isostatic adjustment, 432
Isotopes, 44, 450
radioactive decay, 44
J
Jasper, 159
Jetties, 320
JOIDES Resolution, 379
Joints, 127, 424
Jurassic, 474
K
Kames, 277–278
Kaolinite, 54
Karats, 40
Karst topography, 256–258
Kettles, 275–277
Kimberlite, 86
Kutiah Glacier, 266
L
Laccoliths, 83
Lahars
hazards, 118
mass wasting, 209–210
Laki fissure eruption, 111
Laminae, 153
Laminar flow, 219
‘Land of fire and ice’, 264
Land subsidence groundwater
withdrawal causing,
250–251
Landforms created by glacial
erosion, 270–274
Landslides, 348–349
Blackhawk (California), 207
in Kashmir, 198
at La Conchita (California),
204
as natural disasters, 198
on Oahu (Hawaii), 204
in Pacific Palisades
(California), 198
549
INDEX