bars, 230
deltas, 230
Mississippi delta, 230–231
natural levees, 230
yazoo tributaries, 231
Desert pavement, 297–298
Deserts, 286–305
See also Low-latitude deserts;
Middle-latitude deserts
Detachment fault, 422
Detrital sedimentary rocks,
151–155
breccia, 155
conglomerate, 155
constituents of, 152
particle shape, 154
particle size classification, 152
sandstone, 153–155
shale, 152–153
sorting, 154
Devonian period, 480
Diagenesis, 151, 161–162
cementation, 161
compaction, 161
lithification, 161
Diamond
origination, 86
uses, 169
Differential stress, 180
Differential weathering, 132
Bryce National Park (Utah), 134
Dike swarms, 82
Dikes, 82
Dip-slip faults, 422
Discharge, streamflow, 221
Disconformities, 443
Disseminated deposit, 86
Dissolved load, stream, 223
Distributaries, 230
Divergent boundaries, 29–30,
369–372
Divide, drainage basin, 218
continental divide, 218
Dolostone, 158
Domes, 420
Double refraction, 48
Drainage basins, 218
divide, 218
Drainage patterns, 232–233
dendritic, 232–233
radial, 232–233
rectangular, 232–233
trellis, 232–233
Drawdown, 247
Dripstone, 157, 256
Drought, 509
Drumlins, 277–278
Dry climate, 288
Dry Lands, 288–291
causes of, 288–291
distribution of, 288
low-latitude deserts, 289
Ductile deformation, 416,
418–420
anticlines, 418–419
asymmetrical, 418
basins, 420
domes, 420
folds, 418
hogbacks, 420
monoclines, 420
plunging anticline, 419
recumbent folds, 419
symmetrical, 418
synclines, 418–419
Dunes, 299
Dust bowl, 142
Dust storms, 143
Dynamic Earth, 28–33
E
Early Earth formation/evolution,
20–23, 465–466
catastrophism, 4–5
continents, 25
face of, 24–28
layered structure formation,
22–23
ocean basins, 25
origin, 20–22
Early paleozoic life-forms, 480
Earth-centered model, 8–9
Earth spheres, 11–15
atmosphere, 13–14
biosphere, 14
geosphere, 14–15
hydrosphere, 12–13
Earth system, 15–17
cycles, 16
energy for, 16
hydrologic cycle, 16
links, 17
science, 15
soil, interface, 133
Earth, face of, 24–28
continents, 25
ocean basins, 25
Earth, internal structure
of, 23–24
core, 24
crust, 23–24
mantle, 24
Earth’ s first life, 477
Earth’ s interior, 355–357
basalt, 356
core, 356
granitic rock, 356
granodiorite, 356
layered structure,
formation, 356
mantle, 356
‘seeing’ seismic waves, 356
diffracted, 356
reflected, 356
refracted, 356
thin primitive crust, 356
Earthflows, 210
Earthquakes, 334–359
aftershocks, 338–339
causes of, 337–338
damaging earthquakes east of
the Rockies, 352
definition, 336–339
destruction, 347
from seismic vibrations,
347–348
epicenter, 336
faults, 336
and faults, 339
focus, 336–337
foreshocks, 338–339
ground subsidence, 348–349
in Haiti, 336
in Kashmir, 198
landslides, 348–349
and mudflows, 184
prediction, question of,
352–357
long-range forecasts,
353–355
short-range predictions,
352–353
seismic waves, 336
source of, locating, 342–355
belts, 346–347
epicenter, 342
32-fold energy increase, 346
intensity, 343
logarithmic scale, 345
magnitude, 343
magnitude scales, 344–346
moment magnitude, 346
plate boundaries, 346–347
Richter scale, 345
size, measuring, 343
triangulation, 343
See also Modified Mercalli
Intensity Scale
See also Seismology
Earthrise, 11
Earthy luster, 44
East African rift, 408
East rift zone, 101
Eastern North America, 476
Ebb deltas, 331
Eccentricity, 282, 505
Echo sounder, 394–395
Ediacaran fossil, 479
El Chichón, 506–507
Elastic deformation, 416
Elastic rebound, 338
Electrical charge, 40
Electromagnetic spectrum, 502
Electrons, 449
Element, 40
Eluviation, 137
Emergent coasts, 329
End moraines, 275
recessional, 276
terminal, 276
Entisols, 139
Environment of deposition, 163
Environmental lapse rate, 501
Eons, 455
Ephemeral streams, 291
Epicenter, 336, 342
Epochs, 455
Equatorial low, 289
Eras, 455
Erosion, 6
chemical pollution, 143
problems along U.S. coasts,
323–324
Atlantic coast, 324
Gulf coast, 324
Pacific coast, 324
rain forests’ role in, 140
rates of, 142–143
sedimentation, 143
sheet, 141
splash, 142
wave. See Wave erosion
wind, 142
Erosional features, shorelines,
316–317
Erosional floodplain, 228
Eruption columns, 94
Eskers, 277–278
Estuaries, 329
Eukaryotes, 477
Evapotranspiration, 216
Exfoliation domes, 127
F
Fall, 205
Fathom, 25
Fault-block mountains, 422–423,
431
Fault breccia, 191
Fault creep, 339
Fault gouge, 191
Fault scarps, 422
Faults, 336, 339, 421–424
left-lateral strike-slip fault, 423
normal faults, 421–422
reverse fault, 422
right-lateral strike-slip fault,
423
San Andreas fault, 339
strike-slip faults, 423
thrust fault, 422
transform fault, 423
Feedback mechanisms, 514–515
negative, 16, 514
positive, 16, 514
Feldspar, structures of
(potassium,
plagioclase), 53
Fetch, 311
Fibrous fracture, 48
Final orogeny, 431
Fiords, 272
547
INDEX
deltas, 230
Mississippi delta, 230–231
natural levees, 230
yazoo tributaries, 231
Desert pavement, 297–298
Deserts, 286–305
See also Low-latitude deserts;
Middle-latitude deserts
Detachment fault, 422
Detrital sedimentary rocks,
151–155
breccia, 155
conglomerate, 155
constituents of, 152
particle shape, 154
particle size classification, 152
sandstone, 153–155
shale, 152–153
sorting, 154
Devonian period, 480
Diagenesis, 151, 161–162
cementation, 161
compaction, 161
lithification, 161
Diamond
origination, 86
uses, 169
Differential stress, 180
Differential weathering, 132
Bryce National Park (Utah), 134
Dike swarms, 82
Dikes, 82
Dip-slip faults, 422
Discharge, streamflow, 221
Disconformities, 443
Disseminated deposit, 86
Dissolved load, stream, 223
Distributaries, 230
Divergent boundaries, 29–30,
369–372
Divide, drainage basin, 218
continental divide, 218
Dolostone, 158
Domes, 420
Double refraction, 48
Drainage basins, 218
divide, 218
Drainage patterns, 232–233
dendritic, 232–233
radial, 232–233
rectangular, 232–233
trellis, 232–233
Drawdown, 247
Dripstone, 157, 256
Drought, 509
Drumlins, 277–278
Dry climate, 288
Dry Lands, 288–291
causes of, 288–291
distribution of, 288
low-latitude deserts, 289
Ductile deformation, 416,
418–420
anticlines, 418–419
asymmetrical, 418
basins, 420
domes, 420
folds, 418
hogbacks, 420
monoclines, 420
plunging anticline, 419
recumbent folds, 419
symmetrical, 418
synclines, 418–419
Dunes, 299
Dust bowl, 142
Dust storms, 143
Dynamic Earth, 28–33
E
Early Earth formation/evolution,
20–23, 465–466
catastrophism, 4–5
continents, 25
face of, 24–28
layered structure formation,
22–23
ocean basins, 25
origin, 20–22
Early paleozoic life-forms, 480
Earth-centered model, 8–9
Earth spheres, 11–15
atmosphere, 13–14
biosphere, 14
geosphere, 14–15
hydrosphere, 12–13
Earth system, 15–17
cycles, 16
energy for, 16
hydrologic cycle, 16
links, 17
science, 15
soil, interface, 133
Earth, face of, 24–28
continents, 25
ocean basins, 25
Earth, internal structure
of, 23–24
core, 24
crust, 23–24
mantle, 24
Earth’ s first life, 477
Earth’ s interior, 355–357
basalt, 356
core, 356
granitic rock, 356
granodiorite, 356
layered structure,
formation, 356
mantle, 356
‘seeing’ seismic waves, 356
diffracted, 356
reflected, 356
refracted, 356
thin primitive crust, 356
Earthflows, 210
Earthquakes, 334–359
aftershocks, 338–339
causes of, 337–338
damaging earthquakes east of
the Rockies, 352
definition, 336–339
destruction, 347
from seismic vibrations,
347–348
epicenter, 336
faults, 336
and faults, 339
focus, 336–337
foreshocks, 338–339
ground subsidence, 348–349
in Haiti, 336
in Kashmir, 198
landslides, 348–349
and mudflows, 184
prediction, question of,
352–357
long-range forecasts,
353–355
short-range predictions,
352–353
seismic waves, 336
source of, locating, 342–355
belts, 346–347
epicenter, 342
32-fold energy increase, 346
intensity, 343
logarithmic scale, 345
magnitude, 343
magnitude scales, 344–346
moment magnitude, 346
plate boundaries, 346–347
Richter scale, 345
size, measuring, 343
triangulation, 343
See also Modified Mercalli
Intensity Scale
See also Seismology
Earthrise, 11
Earthy luster, 44
East African rift, 408
East rift zone, 101
Eastern North America, 476
Ebb deltas, 331
Eccentricity, 282, 505
Echo sounder, 394–395
Ediacaran fossil, 479
El Chichón, 506–507
Elastic deformation, 416
Elastic rebound, 338
Electrical charge, 40
Electromagnetic spectrum, 502
Electrons, 449
Element, 40
Eluviation, 137
Emergent coasts, 329
End moraines, 275
recessional, 276
terminal, 276
Entisols, 139
Environment of deposition, 163
Environmental lapse rate, 501
Eons, 455
Ephemeral streams, 291
Epicenter, 336, 342
Epochs, 455
Equatorial low, 289
Eras, 455
Erosion, 6
chemical pollution, 143
problems along U.S. coasts,
323–324
Atlantic coast, 324
Gulf coast, 324
Pacific coast, 324
rain forests’ role in, 140
rates of, 142–143
sedimentation, 143
sheet, 141
splash, 142
wave. See Wave erosion
wind, 142
Erosional features, shorelines,
316–317
Erosional floodplain, 228
Eruption columns, 94
Eskers, 277–278
Estuaries, 329
Eukaryotes, 477
Evapotranspiration, 216
Exfoliation domes, 127
F
Fall, 205
Fathom, 25
Fault-block mountains, 422–423,
431
Fault breccia, 191
Fault creep, 339
Fault gouge, 191
Fault scarps, 422
Faults, 336, 339, 421–424
left-lateral strike-slip fault, 423
normal faults, 421–422
reverse fault, 422
right-lateral strike-slip fault,
423
San Andreas fault, 339
strike-slip faults, 423
thrust fault, 422
transform fault, 423
Feedback mechanisms, 514–515
negative, 16, 514
positive, 16, 514
Feldspar, structures of
(potassium,
plagioclase), 53
Fetch, 311
Fibrous fracture, 48
Final orogeny, 431
Fiords, 272
547
INDEX