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Spintronics: fundamentals and applications
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This book highlights the overview of Spintronics, including What is Spintronics ?; Why Do We Need Spintronics ?; Comparative merit-demerit of Spintronics and Electronics ; Research Efforts put on Spintronics ; Quantum Mechanics of Spin; Dynamics of magnetic moments : Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert Equation; Spin-Dependent Band Gap in Ferromagnetic Materials; Functionality of 'Spin' in Spintronics; Different Branches of Spintronics etc. Some important notions on basic elements of Spintronics are discussed here, such as - Spin Polarization, Spin Filter Effect, Spin Generation and Injection, Spin Accumulation, Different kinds of Spin Relaxation Phenomena, Spin Valve, Spin Extraction, Spin Hall Effect, Spin Seebeck Effect, Spin Current Measurement Mechanism, Magnetoresistance and its different kinds etc. Concept of Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR), different types of GMR, qualitative and quantitative explanation of GMR employing Resistor Network Theory are presented here. Tunnelling Magnetoresistance (TMR), Magnetic Junctions, Effect of various parameters on TMR, Measurement of spin relaxation length and time in the spacer layer are covered here. This book highlights the concept of Spin Transfer Torque (STT), STT in Ferromagnetic Layer Structures, STT driven Magnetization Dynamics, STT in Magnetic Multilayer Nanopillar etc. This book also sheds light on Magnetic Domain Wall (MDW) Motion, Ratchet Effect in MDW motion, MDW motion velocity measurements, Current-driven MDW motion, etc. The book deals with the emerging field of spintronics, i.e., Opto-spintronics. Special emphasis is given on ultrafast optical controlling of magnetic states of antiferromagnet, Spin-photon interaction, Faraday Effect, Inverse Faraday Effect and outline of different all-optical spintronic switching. One more promising branch i.e., Terahertz Spintronics is also covered. Principle of operation of spintronic terahertz emitter, choice of materials, terahertz writing of an antiferromagnetic magnetic memory device is discussed. Brief introduction of Semiconductor spintronics is presented that includes dilute magnetic semiconductor, feromagnetic semiconductor, spin polarized semiconductor devices, three terminal spintronic devices, Spin transistor, Spin-LED, and Spin-Laser. This book also emphasizes on several modern spintronics devices that includes GMR Read Head of Modern Hard Disk Drive, MRAM, Position Sensor, Biosensor, Magnetic Field sensor, Three Terminal Magnetic Memory Devices, Spin FET, Race Track Memory and Quantum Computing.
Fuel usage of peat in industrial times
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Electricity production with peat internationally is covered, with some emphasis on Finland and the Republic of Ireland. Less developed countries covered include Rwanda. Peat in briquetted or pelletised form is discussed next, and coverage of peat in carbonised form follows. Steam activation of the carbonised product to make an adsorbent carbon features with some numerical details. Use of peat as a general-purpose solid fuel, in recent times and less recent, follows and there is description of peat fuel for locomotives. All of this is to the accompaniment of illustrations, figures and tables. In recognition of the importance of controlling sulphur emissions in combustion processes, the sulphur contents of peat from various sources are given and sulphur dioxide control measures outlined. Next come gasification and liquefaction, including producer gas manufacture and retorting. The role of peatlands in carbon sequestration has major coverage and this is seen as being a significant bonus for readers
COVID-19 pandemic dynamics
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This book highlights the estimate of epidemic characteristics for different countries/regions in the world with the use of known SIR (susceptible-infected-removed) model for the dynamics of the epidemic, the known exact solution of the linear differential equations and statistical approach developed before. The COVID-19 pandemic is of great interest to researchers due to its high mortality and a negative impact to the world economy. Correct simulation of the pandemic dynamics needs complicated mathematical models and many efforts for unknown parameters identification. The simple method of detection of the new pandemic wave is proposed and SIR model generalized. The hidden periods, epidemic durations, final numbers of cases, the effective reproduction numbers and probabilities of meeting an infected person are presented for countries like USA, Germany, UK, the Republic of Korea, Italy, Spain, France, the Republic of Moldova, Ukraine, and for the world. The presented information is useful to regulate the quarantine activities and to predict the medical and economic consequences of different/future pandemics. .
Theory of elasticity
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Theory of Elasticity provides a modern and integrated treatment of the foundations of solid mechanics as applied to the mathematical description of material behavior primarily to serve the needs of undergraduate, postgraduate and research students of Civil, Mechanical and Aeronautical engineering. Basic concepts, definitions, theory as well as related practical applications are discussed in a logical and concise manner. The book includes a pedagogical features such as worked examples and problems to consolidate the readers’ understanding of fundamental principles and illustrates their applications in many practical situations. An important feature of this book lies in the use of linear theory of elasticity to obtain solutions to some of the specialized problems related to soil mechanics and foundation engineering in particular
Bituminous coals: nature and utilisation
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The regions of the world are reviewed for their bituminous coal production and utilisation. These include Europe, North America, Australasia and China, Africa and the Former Soviet Union. Where the coals are Gondwanan this is mentioned, and details given. International standards applicable to bituminous coals are given, and throughout the book there is some emphasis on the vitrinite reflectance. A number of instances where the rank of a coal and therefore its vitrinite reflectance have been raised by the action igneous rock are covered. The International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology (ICCP) features in the book, and its conventions for maceral nomenclature are applied. There is also coverage of bituminous coals in briquette form and slurry form.
Measurement across the sciences: developing a shared concept system for measurement
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This book proposes a conceptual framework for understanding measurement across a broad range of scientific fields and areas of application, such as physics, engineering, education, and psychology. The authors, who themselves span these disciplines, argue that the justification of the public trust attributed to measurement results can in principle apply identically to both physical and psychosocial properties. They further argue that the lack of a common conceptualization of measurement hampers interdisciplinary communication and limits the ability to share knowledge. They advance their views by first surveying the conceptual history of the philosophy of measurement and arguing that classical, operationalist and representational perspectives on measurement each make important contributions but also each have important shortcomings. A synthesis is then offered as the foundation for a new conceptual framework. The authors describe how the framework, which operates as a shared concept system, supports understanding measurement's work in different domains, using examples in the physical and human sciences. They consider connections and consequences with respect to causality, objectivity, and intersubjectivity, among other topics, and how measurement science concepts and issues are construed across these disciplines and settings. They also address contemporary issues and controversies within measurement in the light of the framework, including operationalism, definitional uncertainty, and the relations between measurement and computation. The book concludes with a justification for the basic claim that measurement is an empirical and informational process that produces explicitly justifiable information. Researchers and academics across a wide range of disciplines including biological, physical, social and behavioral scientists, as well as specialists in measurement and philosophy will appreciate the work's fresh and provocative approach to the field at a time when sound measurements of complex scientific systems are increasingly essential to solving critical global problems.
Designing droplet microfluidic networks: a toolbox for designers
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This book describes automatic methods for the design of droplet microfluidic networks. The authors discuss simulation and design methods which support the design process of droplet microfluidics in general, as well as design methods for a dedicated droplet routing mechanism, namely passive droplet routing. The methods discussed allow for simulating a microfluidic design on a high-abstraction level, which facilitates early validation of whether a design works as intended, automatically dimensioning a microfluidic design, so that constraints like flow conditions are satisfied, and automatically generating meander designs for the respective needs and fabrication settings. Dedicated methods for passive droplet routing are discussed and allow for designing application-specific architectures for a given set of experiments, as well as generating droplet sequences realizing the respective experiments. Together, these methods provide a comprehensive “toolbox" for designers working on droplet microfluidic networks in general and an integrated design flow for the passive droplet routing mechanism in particular. Provides both a comprehensive “toolbox" for designers working on droplet microfluidic networks in general and an integrated design flow for the passive droplet routing mechanism in particular; Describes for the first time CAD methods for droplet microfluidic networks, along with the first integrated design process; Includes open source implementations, in order to reach the largest possible user group within the domain of microfluidics.
Zero index metamaterials: trends and applications
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This book presents the emerging regime of zero refractive index photonics, involving metamaterials that exhibit effectively zero refractive index. Metamaterials are artificial structures whose optical properties can be tailored at will. With metamaterials, intriguing and spellbinding phenomena like negative refraction and electromagnetic cloaking could be realized, which otherwise seem unnatural or straight out of science fiction. Zero index metamaterials are also seen as a means of boosting nonlinear properties and are believed to have strong prospects for being useful in nonlinear optical applications. In summary, this book highlights almost everything currently available on zero index metamaterials and is useful for professionally interested and motivated readers.
Matrix methods and differential equations: a practical introduction
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This book is aimed at students who encounter mathematical models in other disciplines. It assumes some knowledge of calculus, and explains the tools and concepts for analysing models involving sets of either algebraic or 1st order differential equations. The text emphasises commonalities between these modelling approaches.
The approach is practical, aiming at insight to understand the mathematical principles, but recognising that real world modelling uses computer algebra software. Hands on exploration is supported by giving software commands interspersed in the text, as well as their output.
Alternative fuels for transportation
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With existing petroleum oil and natural gas reserves enough for only several more decades, there is an imminent need for alternative energy sources. This critical situation has incited greater improvements in automotive technology and the increased use of nonconventional fuels. Alternative Fuels for Transportation covers the potential, production methods, properties, vehicle tests, merits, and drawbacks of alternative fuels. The esteemed editor highlights the importance of moving toward alternative fuels and the problems and environmental impact of depending on petroleum products.
Each self-contained chapter focuses on a particular fuel source, including vegetable oils, biodiesel, methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether, liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas, hydrogen, electric, fuel cells, and fuel from nonfood crops. For most of these fuels, production methods, storage, transportation and distribution, physiochemical properties, system modification, engine tests, economics, applications, safety aspects, material compatibility, and future scope are discussed.
Although we now know that increases in greenhouse gases will contribute to global climate change, the transportation sector and decentralized power generation continue to heavily rely on petroleum products, particularly gasoline and diesel. Exploring how to counteract the world’s energy insecurity and environmental pollution, this book provides a comprehensive understanding of nonconventional fuel sources and technology.
Spintronics: fundamentals and applications
- Auteur
- Dey Puja, Roy Jitendra Nath
- Sujet
- Magnetic materials; Electronic materials; Nanotechnology; Magnetism; Optical materials; Quantum physics
Metals; Microtechnology
- Date_TXT
- Singapore: Springer, 2021
- Type de document
- Livre
Fuel usage of peat in industrial times
- Auteur
- J. Clifford Jones
- Sujet
- industrial times; Fuel usage of peat; Gasification and Liquefaction
- Date_TXT
- 2020
- Type de document
- Livre
COVID-19 pandemic dynamics
- Auteur
- Igor Nesteruk
- Sujet
- Covid-19 simulation; Méthodes de; Coronavirus
- Date_TXT
- Singapore: Springer, 2021
- Type de document
- Livre
Theory of elasticity
- Auteur
- Sitharam T. G., L. Govindaraju
- Sujet
- Linear Elasticity; Boundary Conditions; Equations of Equilibrium; Generalised Hook’s Law; Airy’s Stress Function; Saint-Venant Principle
- Date_TXT
- Singapore: Springer, 2021
- Type de document
- Livre
Bituminous coals: nature and utilisation
- Auteur
- J. Clifford Jones
- Sujet
- Nature; Bituminous coals; General introduction
- Date_TXT
- 2020
- Type de document
- Livre
Measurement across the sciences: developing a shared concept system for measurement
- Auteur
- Mari Luca, Wilson Mark., Maul Andrew
- Sujet
- Sociophysics; Econophysics; Philosophy and science; Sociology-research; Physical measurements; Measurement; Psychometrics; Management
- Date_TXT
- Switzerland: Springer, 2021
- Type de document
- Livre
Designing droplet microfluidic networks: a toolbox for designers
- Auteur
- Grimmer Andreas, Wille Robert
- Sujet
- Systems engineering; Microelectronics; Biomedical engineering; Electronics; Electronic circuits; Circuits and systems
- Date_TXT
- USA: Springer International Publishing, 2020
- Type de document
- Livre
Zero index metamaterials: trends and applications
- Auteur
- Shankhwar Nishant, Sinha Ravindra Kumar
- Sujet
- Métamatériaux; Photonique; Statistical physics; Optical materials; Electronic materials; Materials science
Microwaves; Optical engineering
- Date_TXT
- Singapore: Springer, 2021
- Type de document
- Livre
Matrix methods and differential equations: a practical introduction
- Auteur
- Verwoerd, Wynand S.
- Sujet
- Mathematics and Statistics; Mathematics; Mathematical Modeling; Differential Equations; Matrix
- Date_TXT
- 2015
- Type de document
- Livre
Alternative fuels for transportation
- Auteur
- Ramadhas Arumugam S.
- Sujet
- Power & Energy; Renewable Energy; Automotive Technology & Engineering; Renewable Energy; Engineering & Technology; Transport & Vehicle Engineering;Clean Tech; Renewable Energy; Automotive Engineering; Energy Engineering
- Date_TXT
- 2013
- Type de document
- Livre