The Effects of Aquaculture in Comparison
to Other Industries
The effects of dissolved nutrients from aquaculture waste are
considered negligible compared to other inputs, such as industry or agriculture (Carroll et al. 2003). Despite significant degradation under fish cages, environmental influences largely
disappear at a distance of 50–100 m (Gondwe et al. 2012;
Farmaki et al. 2014) and after a short period (4 months) without fish, the sediment quality improves (Varol 2019), on opposite, the toxicity of pig sediments is very high compared to
fish farming (Arias-Andrés et al. 2014).
Watershed modelling in Portugal indicates that 55% of nitrogen and 70% of phosphorus loadings are from diffuse sources
(Ferreira et al. 2014). The majority of aquaculture production
systems are more efficient than fisheries (fisheries sector), in
terms of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions
(Natale et al. 2013), knowing that marine catches are responsible
for about 1.2% of global oil consumption and the emission of
over 130 million tonnes of CO 2 into the atmosphere (Farmery
et al. 2014). Nijdam et al. (2012) found that the largest impacts
per kilogram of product were found for ruminant meat, both in
terms of greenhouse gas emissions and land use
(occupation),aquaculture waste is mineralized, most of which
can be used by macrofauna, unlike wastewater effluents and
other industries (Bayle-sempere et al. 2013; Greggio et al. 2018).
Conclusion
Globally, aquaculture is making an increasingly contribution to
food security, for this purpose, this study investigates some
global trends in mariculture technology and some techniques
for bioremediation of its wastes, the environmental impact is a
function of the technology used for production as well as the
tolerable load of the receiving environment, hence current
trends in aquaculture research are towards more sustainable
mariculture, implementing more environment-friendly models.
To the widespread use of antibiotics and chemicals,
probiotics and prophylaxis are still the main alternatives for
sustainable mariculture.
Coastal and marine aquaculture could increase seafood
production to meet global food demand, while, at the same
time, significantly reducing its environmental impact, so
assessing the status of aquaculture waste is essential for the
viability of this industry where specific actions are needed to
e n s u r e f u l l e n v i r o n m e n t a l in t e g r a t i o n , s u c h a s
phytobioremediation or adoption a new models of production
like recirculating system aquaculture (RAS),integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA), or offshore mariculture. Mitigate
to more environmentally respectful practices depends on the
local context and market demand, but it seems that offshoreIMTA will be the future of sustainable mariculture, so all
coastal nations should be prepared to engage actively in developing the technological, legal and financial frameworks
needed to realistically grow the offshore-IMTA farms.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the editors and reviewers for their valuable comments that helped to improve the quality of
the manuscript. The authors wish also to thank Mrs. Ilydia Kheyer for the
English proofreading of the manuscript.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflict of Interest The authors report no conflicts of interest.
References
Abu Bakar NS, Mohd Nasir N, Lananan F, Abdul Hamid SH, Lam SS,
Jusoh A (2015) Optimization of C/N ratios for nutrient removal in
aquaculture system culturing African catfish, (Clarias gariepinus)
utilizing Bioflocs technology. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation
Elsevier 102:100–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IBIOD.2015.04.
001
Adeniyi OM, Azimov U, Burluka A (2018) Algae biofuel: current status
and future applications. Renew Sust Energ Rev Pergamon 90:316–
335. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2018.03.067
Ahmed N, Glaser M (2016) Can “integrated multi-trophic aquaculture
(IMTA)” adapt to climate change in coastal Bangladesh? Ocean
Coast Manag Elsevier 132:120–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.
OCECOAMAN.2016.08.017
Alexander KA, Angel D, Freeman S, Israel D, Johansen J, Kletou D,
Meland M, Pecorino D, Rebours C, Rousou M, Shorten M, Potts
T (2016b) Improving sustainability of aquaculture in Europe: stakeholder dialogues on integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA).
Environ Sci Pol Elsevier 55:96–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.
ENVSCI.2015.09.006
Alexander KA, Angel D, Freeman S, Israel D, Johansen J, Kletou D,
Meland M, Pecorino D, Rebours C, Rousou M, Shorten M, Potts
T (2016a) ‘Environmental Science & Policy Improving sustainability of aquaculture in Europe : stakeholder dialogues on integrated
multi-trophic aquaculture ( IMTA ). Environ Sci Policy Elsevier Ltd
55:96–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.09.006
Ankamah-Yeboah I, Nielsen M, Nielsen R (2016) ‘Price premium of
organic salmon in Danish retail sale. Ecol Econ Elsevier 122:54–
60. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLECON.2015.11.028
Apostolaki ET et al (2007) Fish farming impact on sediments and macrofauna associated with seagrass meadows in the Mediterranean, 75,
pp. 408–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.05.024
Arias-Andrés, M. et al. (2014) ‘Ecotoxicological evaluation of aquaculture and agriculture sediments with biochemical biomarkers and
bioassays: antimicrobial potential exposure’, jeb.co.in. Available
at: http://www.jeb.co.in/journal_issues/201401_jan14_spl/paper_
12.pdf
Ariede MB, Candido TM, Jacome ALM, Velasco MVR, de Carvalho
JCM, Baby AR (2017) Cosmetic attributes of algae - a review’,
Algal Research. Elsevier 25:483–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.
ALGAL.2017.05.019
Azevedo, G. et al. (2015) Impact of cultivation of Mastocarpus stellatus in
IMTA on the seaweeds chemistry and hybrid carrageenan properties. Carbohydr Polym Elsevier, 116, pp. 140–148. https://doi.org/
10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2014.04.069
Balcázar, J. L., Vendrell D., de Blas I., Ruiz-Zarzuela I., Muzquiz J. L.,
Girones O. (2008) Characterization of probiotic properties of lactic
acid bacteria isolated from intestinal microbiota of fish.
Thalassas
to Other Industries
The effects of dissolved nutrients from aquaculture waste are
considered negligible compared to other inputs, such as industry or agriculture (Carroll et al. 2003). Despite significant degradation under fish cages, environmental influences largely
disappear at a distance of 50–100 m (Gondwe et al. 2012;
Farmaki et al. 2014) and after a short period (4 months) without fish, the sediment quality improves (Varol 2019), on opposite, the toxicity of pig sediments is very high compared to
fish farming (Arias-Andrés et al. 2014).
Watershed modelling in Portugal indicates that 55% of nitrogen and 70% of phosphorus loadings are from diffuse sources
(Ferreira et al. 2014). The majority of aquaculture production
systems are more efficient than fisheries (fisheries sector), in
terms of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions
(Natale et al. 2013), knowing that marine catches are responsible
for about 1.2% of global oil consumption and the emission of
over 130 million tonnes of CO 2 into the atmosphere (Farmery
et al. 2014). Nijdam et al. (2012) found that the largest impacts
per kilogram of product were found for ruminant meat, both in
terms of greenhouse gas emissions and land use
(occupation),aquaculture waste is mineralized, most of which
can be used by macrofauna, unlike wastewater effluents and
other industries (Bayle-sempere et al. 2013; Greggio et al. 2018).
Conclusion
Globally, aquaculture is making an increasingly contribution to
food security, for this purpose, this study investigates some
global trends in mariculture technology and some techniques
for bioremediation of its wastes, the environmental impact is a
function of the technology used for production as well as the
tolerable load of the receiving environment, hence current
trends in aquaculture research are towards more sustainable
mariculture, implementing more environment-friendly models.
To the widespread use of antibiotics and chemicals,
probiotics and prophylaxis are still the main alternatives for
sustainable mariculture.
Coastal and marine aquaculture could increase seafood
production to meet global food demand, while, at the same
time, significantly reducing its environmental impact, so
assessing the status of aquaculture waste is essential for the
viability of this industry where specific actions are needed to
e n s u r e f u l l e n v i r o n m e n t a l in t e g r a t i o n , s u c h a s
phytobioremediation or adoption a new models of production
like recirculating system aquaculture (RAS),integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA), or offshore mariculture. Mitigate
to more environmentally respectful practices depends on the
local context and market demand, but it seems that offshoreIMTA will be the future of sustainable mariculture, so all
coastal nations should be prepared to engage actively in developing the technological, legal and financial frameworks
needed to realistically grow the offshore-IMTA farms.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the editors and reviewers for their valuable comments that helped to improve the quality of
the manuscript. The authors wish also to thank Mrs. Ilydia Kheyer for the
English proofreading of the manuscript.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflict of Interest The authors report no conflicts of interest.
References
Abu Bakar NS, Mohd Nasir N, Lananan F, Abdul Hamid SH, Lam SS,
Jusoh A (2015) Optimization of C/N ratios for nutrient removal in
aquaculture system culturing African catfish, (Clarias gariepinus)
utilizing Bioflocs technology. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation
Elsevier 102:100–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IBIOD.2015.04.
001
Adeniyi OM, Azimov U, Burluka A (2018) Algae biofuel: current status
and future applications. Renew Sust Energ Rev Pergamon 90:316–
335. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2018.03.067
Ahmed N, Glaser M (2016) Can “integrated multi-trophic aquaculture
(IMTA)” adapt to climate change in coastal Bangladesh? Ocean
Coast Manag Elsevier 132:120–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.
OCECOAMAN.2016.08.017
Alexander KA, Angel D, Freeman S, Israel D, Johansen J, Kletou D,
Meland M, Pecorino D, Rebours C, Rousou M, Shorten M, Potts
T (2016b) Improving sustainability of aquaculture in Europe: stakeholder dialogues on integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA).
Environ Sci Pol Elsevier 55:96–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.
ENVSCI.2015.09.006
Alexander KA, Angel D, Freeman S, Israel D, Johansen J, Kletou D,
Meland M, Pecorino D, Rebours C, Rousou M, Shorten M, Potts
T (2016a) ‘Environmental Science & Policy Improving sustainability of aquaculture in Europe : stakeholder dialogues on integrated
multi-trophic aquaculture ( IMTA ). Environ Sci Policy Elsevier Ltd
55:96–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.09.006
Ankamah-Yeboah I, Nielsen M, Nielsen R (2016) ‘Price premium of
organic salmon in Danish retail sale. Ecol Econ Elsevier 122:54–
60. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLECON.2015.11.028
Apostolaki ET et al (2007) Fish farming impact on sediments and macrofauna associated with seagrass meadows in the Mediterranean, 75,
pp. 408–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.05.024
Arias-Andrés, M. et al. (2014) ‘Ecotoxicological evaluation of aquaculture and agriculture sediments with biochemical biomarkers and
bioassays: antimicrobial potential exposure’, jeb.co.in. Available
at: http://www.jeb.co.in/journal_issues/201401_jan14_spl/paper_
12.pdf
Ariede MB, Candido TM, Jacome ALM, Velasco MVR, de Carvalho
JCM, Baby AR (2017) Cosmetic attributes of algae - a review’,
Algal Research. Elsevier 25:483–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.
ALGAL.2017.05.019
Azevedo, G. et al. (2015) Impact of cultivation of Mastocarpus stellatus in
IMTA on the seaweeds chemistry and hybrid carrageenan properties. Carbohydr Polym Elsevier, 116, pp. 140–148. https://doi.org/
10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2014.04.069
Balcázar, J. L., Vendrell D., de Blas I., Ruiz-Zarzuela I., Muzquiz J. L.,
Girones O. (2008) Characterization of probiotic properties of lactic
acid bacteria isolated from intestinal microbiota of fish.
Thalassas