since both sectors face the same constraints (Wever et al.
2015; Röckmann et al. 2017). It is now clear that exploring
offshore sites for seafood farming has become an inescapable
choice to keep sustainable and high-quality seafood production, compete and conflict with some other uses of ocean
space, but will be complementary with others (Ramos et al.
2017; Weiss et al. 2018a, b; Chu et al. 2020).
Offshore mariculture can be seen as a milestone for sustainable development of marine economies (Weiss et al. 2018a, b),
which offshore IMTA concepts are a promising project to supplies future increasing demand in seafood and optimizing marine space use, but it is consistently on a project scale worldwide. (Europe, USA and South Korea) (Buck et al. 2017).
Bioremediation of Mariculture Wastes
the addition of Calcium and Magnesium improves the sedimentation properties of solid mariculture waste and allows the
conversion of 67% of nitrogen by heterotrophic bacteria in
sludge into bacterial biomass which will then be used in fish
feed, this process is called bio-flocs technology (BFT) (Luo
et al. 2013; Abu Bakar et al. 2015). Oladoja et al. (2015)
suggest that the addition of the gastropod shell Achatina
achatina as a source of calcium under well-documented thermal conditions allows the precipitation of orthophosphates
contained in aquaculture wastewater.
Aquatic plants could be used in phytoremediation programs (Kherbani et al. 2015) for the remediation of water
and soil from organic, inorganic, metals and removing pharmaceutical contaminants (Xiong et al. 2018), in general, they
are environmentally sustainable methods and are not expensive (Castine et al. 2013; Quintã et al. 2015). Halophytes show
great potential as biofilters for mariculture effluents, reduce
total phosphorus, suspended solids and maintain biological
oxygen demand by increasing the concentration of dissolved
oxygen through photosynthesis bay (Flora and Kröger 2014a,
b), and keeping ammonia and nitrate at low reception levels in
temperate and tropical regions (Buhmann and Papenbrock
2013), Ulva sp has the potential to become a major piece of
the world’s mariculture (Bolton et al. 2016), it is the best
materiel for aquaculture water waste bioremediation, due to
its rapid growth, combined with high nitrate and phosphate
uptake rates, and high carbon sequestration, make that Ulva
species may benefit from future ocean warming (Gao et al.
2018a). The seaweed biomass characterized as a high-protein,
high-Fe,and high ratio of unsaturated lipid acids (Li et al.
2018) offer promise for serving as source for valuable coproducts (human food (Gao et al. 2017),animal feeds (Maia
et al. 2019) and biofuel gao (Gao et al. 2018b), Juncus
roemerianus is an appropriate species that could remedy solid
waste from mariculture, due to its potential to sequester nutrients (Joesting et al. 2016), Lemna gibba is a potential species
for phytoremediation, it is able to accumulate metals
contained in water in its tissues (Megateli et al. 2009;
Demim et al. 2013). For the control of Pb and Cu from polluted aquatic environments (Mânzatu et al. 2015),Salicornia
europaea is an edible and promising species as a biofilter for
waters from intensive mariculture, with an elimination rate of
up to 98% of total inorganic nitrogen, 89% of dissolved inorganic phosphorus, these rhizomes are also a carrier for
denitrifying bacteria (Webb et al. 2013) and bacteria involved
in the mineralization of organic matter, whose degradation
products will be trapped by algae, further improving water
quality and algal biomass yield (Halfhide et al. 2014).
Mariculture effluents can be a source of nutrients for vegetable production (Milhazes-Cunha and Otero 2017), the algal
mass produced could be used for human and animal nutrition
or in the food, cosmetic bioenergy and pharmaceutical industries (Mišurcová et al. 2012; Ariede et al. 2017; Fu et al. 2017;
Sudhakar et al. 2019).
Davidson et al. (2008) suggest the application of fluidized
sand biofilters (FSBs) in mariculture facilities to effectively
reduce TAN, DBO5C (carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand), total coliforms and other wastes from aquaculture effluents from a high and diluted volume, they remove 66–82%
of the BOD5C, 86–88% of the TAN and phosphorus removal
was 15–41%, but not effective for Total Suspension Solids
(TSS), also, electron beam irradiation technique can be used
for antibiotic resistance disinfection (Lim et al. 2013).
Fernandes et al. (2010) conclude that aeration with
HOBAS technology (aerator that stimulates growth and bacterial activity) at high densities effectively prevents the accumulation of ions such as ammonium, nitrites and sulfide at
toxic levels compared to non-aerated systems. Boopathy
et al. (2015) have successfully removed carbon and
dissolved nitrogen from aquaculture effluents at a rapid rate
using SBR technology with the addition of Bacillus
consortium which also has probiotic properties by
preventing the proliferation of pathogens. Zhu et al. (2015)
have proven that the addition of PBS (butylene polysuccinate) as a carbon source and biofilm carrier to RAS recirculation systems has kept nitrite below.
1 mg /L. In order to avoid the additional contribution of a
carbon source (CO 2 ) or O 2 to stimulate the growth and
performance of treatment systems, Lananan et al. (2014) have
demonstrated that the symbiosis between natural microorganisms and microalgae has effectively improved the phosphorus
removal rate to 99%. Singh et al. (2019) reported that
cyanobacteria are good purifiers to control eutrophication,
with purification efficiencies of 79% for nitrate and 77% for
phosphate. For the degradation of emerging pollutants including steroids and drug residues, activated carbon, ozonation
processes as well as stations using microfiltration and reverse
osmosis would appear to be promising (Wang 2017;
Bendjama et al. 2018; Delgado et al. 2019).
Thalassas
2015; Röckmann et al. 2017). It is now clear that exploring
offshore sites for seafood farming has become an inescapable
choice to keep sustainable and high-quality seafood production, compete and conflict with some other uses of ocean
space, but will be complementary with others (Ramos et al.
2017; Weiss et al. 2018a, b; Chu et al. 2020).
Offshore mariculture can be seen as a milestone for sustainable development of marine economies (Weiss et al. 2018a, b),
which offshore IMTA concepts are a promising project to supplies future increasing demand in seafood and optimizing marine space use, but it is consistently on a project scale worldwide. (Europe, USA and South Korea) (Buck et al. 2017).
Bioremediation of Mariculture Wastes
the addition of Calcium and Magnesium improves the sedimentation properties of solid mariculture waste and allows the
conversion of 67% of nitrogen by heterotrophic bacteria in
sludge into bacterial biomass which will then be used in fish
feed, this process is called bio-flocs technology (BFT) (Luo
et al. 2013; Abu Bakar et al. 2015). Oladoja et al. (2015)
suggest that the addition of the gastropod shell Achatina
achatina as a source of calcium under well-documented thermal conditions allows the precipitation of orthophosphates
contained in aquaculture wastewater.
Aquatic plants could be used in phytoremediation programs (Kherbani et al. 2015) for the remediation of water
and soil from organic, inorganic, metals and removing pharmaceutical contaminants (Xiong et al. 2018), in general, they
are environmentally sustainable methods and are not expensive (Castine et al. 2013; Quintã et al. 2015). Halophytes show
great potential as biofilters for mariculture effluents, reduce
total phosphorus, suspended solids and maintain biological
oxygen demand by increasing the concentration of dissolved
oxygen through photosynthesis bay (Flora and Kröger 2014a,
b), and keeping ammonia and nitrate at low reception levels in
temperate and tropical regions (Buhmann and Papenbrock
2013), Ulva sp has the potential to become a major piece of
the world’s mariculture (Bolton et al. 2016), it is the best
materiel for aquaculture water waste bioremediation, due to
its rapid growth, combined with high nitrate and phosphate
uptake rates, and high carbon sequestration, make that Ulva
species may benefit from future ocean warming (Gao et al.
2018a). The seaweed biomass characterized as a high-protein,
high-Fe,and high ratio of unsaturated lipid acids (Li et al.
2018) offer promise for serving as source for valuable coproducts (human food (Gao et al. 2017),animal feeds (Maia
et al. 2019) and biofuel gao (Gao et al. 2018b), Juncus
roemerianus is an appropriate species that could remedy solid
waste from mariculture, due to its potential to sequester nutrients (Joesting et al. 2016), Lemna gibba is a potential species
for phytoremediation, it is able to accumulate metals
contained in water in its tissues (Megateli et al. 2009;
Demim et al. 2013). For the control of Pb and Cu from polluted aquatic environments (Mânzatu et al. 2015),Salicornia
europaea is an edible and promising species as a biofilter for
waters from intensive mariculture, with an elimination rate of
up to 98% of total inorganic nitrogen, 89% of dissolved inorganic phosphorus, these rhizomes are also a carrier for
denitrifying bacteria (Webb et al. 2013) and bacteria involved
in the mineralization of organic matter, whose degradation
products will be trapped by algae, further improving water
quality and algal biomass yield (Halfhide et al. 2014).
Mariculture effluents can be a source of nutrients for vegetable production (Milhazes-Cunha and Otero 2017), the algal
mass produced could be used for human and animal nutrition
or in the food, cosmetic bioenergy and pharmaceutical industries (Mišurcová et al. 2012; Ariede et al. 2017; Fu et al. 2017;
Sudhakar et al. 2019).
Davidson et al. (2008) suggest the application of fluidized
sand biofilters (FSBs) in mariculture facilities to effectively
reduce TAN, DBO5C (carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand), total coliforms and other wastes from aquaculture effluents from a high and diluted volume, they remove 66–82%
of the BOD5C, 86–88% of the TAN and phosphorus removal
was 15–41%, but not effective for Total Suspension Solids
(TSS), also, electron beam irradiation technique can be used
for antibiotic resistance disinfection (Lim et al. 2013).
Fernandes et al. (2010) conclude that aeration with
HOBAS technology (aerator that stimulates growth and bacterial activity) at high densities effectively prevents the accumulation of ions such as ammonium, nitrites and sulfide at
toxic levels compared to non-aerated systems. Boopathy
et al. (2015) have successfully removed carbon and
dissolved nitrogen from aquaculture effluents at a rapid rate
using SBR technology with the addition of Bacillus
consortium which also has probiotic properties by
preventing the proliferation of pathogens. Zhu et al. (2015)
have proven that the addition of PBS (butylene polysuccinate) as a carbon source and biofilm carrier to RAS recirculation systems has kept nitrite below.
1 mg /L. In order to avoid the additional contribution of a
carbon source (CO 2 ) or O 2 to stimulate the growth and
performance of treatment systems, Lananan et al. (2014) have
demonstrated that the symbiosis between natural microorganisms and microalgae has effectively improved the phosphorus
removal rate to 99%. Singh et al. (2019) reported that
cyanobacteria are good purifiers to control eutrophication,
with purification efficiencies of 79% for nitrate and 77% for
phosphate. For the degradation of emerging pollutants including steroids and drug residues, activated carbon, ozonation
processes as well as stations using microfiltration and reverse
osmosis would appear to be promising (Wang 2017;
Bendjama et al. 2018; Delgado et al. 2019).
Thalassas