African Journal of Aquatic Science 2021: 1–9
9
prospects of the availability of Artemia cysts for aquaculture.
Aquaculture 181: 397–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)
00233-1.
Leger P, Bengtson DA, Simpson KL, Sorgeloos P. 1986. The use
and nutritional value of Artemia as a food source. In: Barries
M (Ed.), Marine Biology and Oceanography: an annual review.
Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press. pp 521–623.
Merchie G. 1996. Use of nauplii and meta-nauplii. Manual on the
production and use of live food for aquaculture. FAO Fisheries
Technical Paper 361.
Mura G, Ferrara F, Fabietti F, Delise M, Bocca A. 1997.
Biochemical (fatty acid profile) diversity in anostracan species of
the genus Chirocephalus. Hydrobiologia 359: 237–241. https://
doi.org/10.1023/A:1003164315172.
Mura G, Zarattini P, Delise M, Fabietti F, Bocca A. (2000).
Seasonal variation of the fatty acid profile in cysts and wild
adults of the fairy shrimp Chirocephalus kerkyrensis Pesta, 1936
(Anostraca). Crustacieana 73: 479–496.
Navarro JC, Amat F, Sargent JR.1992a. Fatty acid composition of
coastal and inland Artemia sp. populations from Spain. Aquaculture
102: 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(92)90150-J.
Navarro JC, Amat F, Sargent JR. 1992b. Lipid composition of cysts
of the brine shrimp Artemia sp. from Spanish populations. Journal
of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 155: 123–131.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(92)90031-5.
Obata T, Fernie A, Nunes-Nesi A. 2013. The central carbon and
energy metabolism of marine diatoms. Metabolites 3: 325–346.
https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo3020325.
Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Kindt R, Legendre P, Minchin PR, O’Hara
RB, Simpson GL, Solymos P, Stevens HMH, Wagner H. 2013.
vegan: Community Ecology Package. http://CRAN.R-project.org/
package = vegan.
Pedersen L, Jensen HM, Burmeister A, Hansen BW. 1999. The
significance of food web structure for the condition and tracer
lipid content of juvenile snail fish (Pisces: Liparis spp.) along
65-728N off West Greenland. Journal of Plankton Research 21:
1593–1611. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/21.9.1593.
R Core Team. 2014. R: A language and environment for statistical
computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna,
Austria.
Rodriguez-Almaraz GA, Zavala C, Mendoza R, Maeda-Martinez
A. 2006. Ecological and biological notes on the Brine shrimp
Artemia (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Anostraca) from Carmen
Island, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Hydrobiologia 560: 417–423.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-1562-x.
Ruiz O, Medina GR, Cohen G, Amat F, Navarro JC. 2007.
Diversity of the fatty acid composition of Artemia sp. cysts from
Argentinean populations. Marine Ecology Progress Series 335:
155– 165.
Sargent JR, Parks RJ, Mueller-Harvey I, Henderson RJ. 1988. Lipid
biomarkers in marine ecology. In Sliegh MA (Ed.) Microbes in the
sea. Chichester: Ellis Horwood Ltd. pp 119–138.
Schauer PS, Johans DM, Olney CE, Simpson Kl. 1980. Lipid level,
energy content and fatty acid composition of the cysts and newly
hatched nauplii from five geographical strains of Artemia. In:
The brine shrimp Artemia. Vol.3. Wettern: Universa Press. pp
365–373.
Sorgeloos P, Bossuyt E, Lavens P, Leger P, Vanhaecke P,
Verhele D. 1983. The use of brine shrimp Artemia in crustacean
hatcheries and nurseries. In: McVey J P (Ed.), Mariculture, CRC
Handbook of Mariculture (Vol 1). Crustacean Aquaculture. Boca
Raton: CRC Press. pp 71–96.
Sorgeloos P, Kulasekarapandian S. 1984. Production and use of
Artemia in aquaculture. Central Marine Fisheries Research
Institute Special Publication 15 : 1–73. Cochin: Central Marine
Fisheries Research Institute. https://core.ac.uk/download/
pdf/33013492.pdf.
Sorgeloos P, Lavens P, Leger P, Tackaert W, Verhele D. 1986.
Manual for the culture and use of brine shrimp Artemia in
aquaculture. Belgium: Artemia Reference Center, University of
Ghent.
Sorgeloos P, Leger P. 1992. Improved larviculture outputs of
marine fish, shrimp and prawn. Journal of the World Aquaculture
Society 23: 251–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1992.
tb00788.x.
Sorgeloos P, Van Stappen G. 1995. Artemia shortage: the ARC’s
point of view. Larviculture and Artemia News Letter 35: 19.
Sorgeloos P, Dhert P, Candreva P. 2001. Use of the brine shrimp,
Artemia spp., in marine fish larviculture. Aquaculture 200:
147–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00698-6.
Tizol-Correa R., Carreón-Palau L, Arredondo-Vega BO, Murugan
G, Torrentera L, Maldonado-Montiel TD, Maeda-Martínez
AM. 2006. Fatty acid composition of Artemia (Branchiopoda:
Anostraca) cysts from tropical salterns of southern Mexico and
Cuba. Journal of Crustacean Biology 26: 503–509. https://doi.
org/10.1651/S-2691.1.
Torrentera, L, Dodson SI. 2004. Ecology of the brine shrimp
Artemia in the Yucatan, Mexico, salterns. Journal of Plankton
Research 26: 617–624. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbh057.
Triantaphyllidis GV, Abatzopoulos TJ, Miasa E, Sorgeloos P. 1996.
International study on Artemia. LVI. Characterization of two
Artemia populations from Namibia and Madagascar: cytogenetics,
biometry, hatching characteristics and fatty acids profiles.
Hydrobiologia 335: 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00015271.
Wilhelm C, Büchel, C, Fisahn J, Goss R, Jakob T, LaRoche J,
Lavaud J, Lohr M, Riebesell U, Stehfest K, et al. 2006. The
regulation of carbon and nutrient assimilation in diatoms is
dignificantly different from green algae. Protist 157: 91–124.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2006.2.003.
Vanhaecke P, Sorgeloos P. 1980. International study on Artemia.
IV. The biometrics of Artemia strains from different geographical
origin. In: Persoone P, Soregeloos P, Roels E, Jaspers E (Eds),
The Brine Shrimp Artemia, Vol 3. Ecology, Culturing, Use in
Aquaculture. Wetteren: Universa Press. pp 456.
Van Stappen, G. 1996a. Use of cysts. In: Manual on the production
and use of live food for aquaculture. Fisheries Technical Paper
361. Rome: FAO. pp 107–136.
Van Stappen G. 1996b. Introduction, biology and ecology of
Artemia. Manual on the production and use of live food for
aquaculture. Fisheries Technical Paper 361. Rome: FAO. pp
79–106.
Van Stappen G, Sui L, Xin N, Sorgeloos P. 2003. Characterization
of high-altitude Artemia populations from the Qinghai Tibet
Plateau, PR China. Hydrobiologia 500: 179–192.
Watanabe T, Arakawa T, Kitajima C, Fukusho K, Fujita S. 1978.
Nutritional quality of living fe from the view point of essential fatty
acids for fish. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 44: 1223–1227. https://
doi.org/10.1023/A:1024658604530.
Zaslavskaia LA, Lippmeier JC, Kroth PG, Grossman AR, Apt KE.
2000. Transformation of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum
(Bacillariophyceae) with a variety of selectable marker and
reporter genes. Journal of Phycology 36: 379–86. https://doi.
org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.99164.x.
Manuscript received: 29 December 2019, revised: 10 December 2020, accepted: 17 February 2021
Associate Editor: W Froneman
9
prospects of the availability of Artemia cysts for aquaculture.
Aquaculture 181: 397–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)
00233-1.
Leger P, Bengtson DA, Simpson KL, Sorgeloos P. 1986. The use
and nutritional value of Artemia as a food source. In: Barries
M (Ed.), Marine Biology and Oceanography: an annual review.
Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press. pp 521–623.
Merchie G. 1996. Use of nauplii and meta-nauplii. Manual on the
production and use of live food for aquaculture. FAO Fisheries
Technical Paper 361.
Mura G, Ferrara F, Fabietti F, Delise M, Bocca A. 1997.
Biochemical (fatty acid profile) diversity in anostracan species of
the genus Chirocephalus. Hydrobiologia 359: 237–241. https://
doi.org/10.1023/A:1003164315172.
Mura G, Zarattini P, Delise M, Fabietti F, Bocca A. (2000).
Seasonal variation of the fatty acid profile in cysts and wild
adults of the fairy shrimp Chirocephalus kerkyrensis Pesta, 1936
(Anostraca). Crustacieana 73: 479–496.
Navarro JC, Amat F, Sargent JR.1992a. Fatty acid composition of
coastal and inland Artemia sp. populations from Spain. Aquaculture
102: 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(92)90150-J.
Navarro JC, Amat F, Sargent JR. 1992b. Lipid composition of cysts
of the brine shrimp Artemia sp. from Spanish populations. Journal
of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 155: 123–131.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(92)90031-5.
Obata T, Fernie A, Nunes-Nesi A. 2013. The central carbon and
energy metabolism of marine diatoms. Metabolites 3: 325–346.
https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo3020325.
Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Kindt R, Legendre P, Minchin PR, O’Hara
RB, Simpson GL, Solymos P, Stevens HMH, Wagner H. 2013.
vegan: Community Ecology Package. http://CRAN.R-project.org/
package = vegan.
Pedersen L, Jensen HM, Burmeister A, Hansen BW. 1999. The
significance of food web structure for the condition and tracer
lipid content of juvenile snail fish (Pisces: Liparis spp.) along
65-728N off West Greenland. Journal of Plankton Research 21:
1593–1611. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/21.9.1593.
R Core Team. 2014. R: A language and environment for statistical
computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna,
Austria.
Rodriguez-Almaraz GA, Zavala C, Mendoza R, Maeda-Martinez
A. 2006. Ecological and biological notes on the Brine shrimp
Artemia (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Anostraca) from Carmen
Island, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Hydrobiologia 560: 417–423.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-1562-x.
Ruiz O, Medina GR, Cohen G, Amat F, Navarro JC. 2007.
Diversity of the fatty acid composition of Artemia sp. cysts from
Argentinean populations. Marine Ecology Progress Series 335:
155– 165.
Sargent JR, Parks RJ, Mueller-Harvey I, Henderson RJ. 1988. Lipid
biomarkers in marine ecology. In Sliegh MA (Ed.) Microbes in the
sea. Chichester: Ellis Horwood Ltd. pp 119–138.
Schauer PS, Johans DM, Olney CE, Simpson Kl. 1980. Lipid level,
energy content and fatty acid composition of the cysts and newly
hatched nauplii from five geographical strains of Artemia. In:
The brine shrimp Artemia. Vol.3. Wettern: Universa Press. pp
365–373.
Sorgeloos P, Bossuyt E, Lavens P, Leger P, Vanhaecke P,
Verhele D. 1983. The use of brine shrimp Artemia in crustacean
hatcheries and nurseries. In: McVey J P (Ed.), Mariculture, CRC
Handbook of Mariculture (Vol 1). Crustacean Aquaculture. Boca
Raton: CRC Press. pp 71–96.
Sorgeloos P, Kulasekarapandian S. 1984. Production and use of
Artemia in aquaculture. Central Marine Fisheries Research
Institute Special Publication 15 : 1–73. Cochin: Central Marine
Fisheries Research Institute. https://core.ac.uk/download/
pdf/33013492.pdf.
Sorgeloos P, Lavens P, Leger P, Tackaert W, Verhele D. 1986.
Manual for the culture and use of brine shrimp Artemia in
aquaculture. Belgium: Artemia Reference Center, University of
Ghent.
Sorgeloos P, Leger P. 1992. Improved larviculture outputs of
marine fish, shrimp and prawn. Journal of the World Aquaculture
Society 23: 251–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1992.
tb00788.x.
Sorgeloos P, Van Stappen G. 1995. Artemia shortage: the ARC’s
point of view. Larviculture and Artemia News Letter 35: 19.
Sorgeloos P, Dhert P, Candreva P. 2001. Use of the brine shrimp,
Artemia spp., in marine fish larviculture. Aquaculture 200:
147–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00698-6.
Tizol-Correa R., Carreón-Palau L, Arredondo-Vega BO, Murugan
G, Torrentera L, Maldonado-Montiel TD, Maeda-Martínez
AM. 2006. Fatty acid composition of Artemia (Branchiopoda:
Anostraca) cysts from tropical salterns of southern Mexico and
Cuba. Journal of Crustacean Biology 26: 503–509. https://doi.
org/10.1651/S-2691.1.
Torrentera, L, Dodson SI. 2004. Ecology of the brine shrimp
Artemia in the Yucatan, Mexico, salterns. Journal of Plankton
Research 26: 617–624. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbh057.
Triantaphyllidis GV, Abatzopoulos TJ, Miasa E, Sorgeloos P. 1996.
International study on Artemia. LVI. Characterization of two
Artemia populations from Namibia and Madagascar: cytogenetics,
biometry, hatching characteristics and fatty acids profiles.
Hydrobiologia 335: 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00015271.
Wilhelm C, Büchel, C, Fisahn J, Goss R, Jakob T, LaRoche J,
Lavaud J, Lohr M, Riebesell U, Stehfest K, et al. 2006. The
regulation of carbon and nutrient assimilation in diatoms is
dignificantly different from green algae. Protist 157: 91–124.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2006.2.003.
Vanhaecke P, Sorgeloos P. 1980. International study on Artemia.
IV. The biometrics of Artemia strains from different geographical
origin. In: Persoone P, Soregeloos P, Roels E, Jaspers E (Eds),
The Brine Shrimp Artemia, Vol 3. Ecology, Culturing, Use in
Aquaculture. Wetteren: Universa Press. pp 456.
Van Stappen, G. 1996a. Use of cysts. In: Manual on the production
and use of live food for aquaculture. Fisheries Technical Paper
361. Rome: FAO. pp 107–136.
Van Stappen G. 1996b. Introduction, biology and ecology of
Artemia. Manual on the production and use of live food for
aquaculture. Fisheries Technical Paper 361. Rome: FAO. pp
79–106.
Van Stappen G, Sui L, Xin N, Sorgeloos P. 2003. Characterization
of high-altitude Artemia populations from the Qinghai Tibet
Plateau, PR China. Hydrobiologia 500: 179–192.
Watanabe T, Arakawa T, Kitajima C, Fukusho K, Fujita S. 1978.
Nutritional quality of living fe from the view point of essential fatty
acids for fish. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 44: 1223–1227. https://
doi.org/10.1023/A:1024658604530.
Zaslavskaia LA, Lippmeier JC, Kroth PG, Grossman AR, Apt KE.
2000. Transformation of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum
(Bacillariophyceae) with a variety of selectable marker and
reporter genes. Journal of Phycology 36: 379–86. https://doi.
org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.99164.x.
Manuscript received: 29 December 2019, revised: 10 December 2020, accepted: 17 February 2021
Associate Editor: W Froneman