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On a hot day not long ago, children and their parents stood in line to swim in
a shallow articial basin at Santee, in southern California. With the Pacic
Ocean less than one hour away, the lure of the man—made swimming hole was
not immediately apparent. Their attraction was a mixture of curiosity and
some pride in a community experiment; The basin contained sewage water that
'
had been highly treated or reclaimed to make it safe enough for bathing ….
As of 1971, some 45 California sewage reclamation systems were produc—
ing water for ornamental and recreational lakes and for the irrigation of golf '
courses, parks, and freeway landscapes. Sewage wastewater puried by ad—
vanced techniques is used for industrial processes, primarily cooling, in some
25 US. cities [2]. Studies in Denver and Dallas are being conducted to deter—
mine whether discharges from secondary treatment plants can be retreated
With advanced methods to make the water pure enough to drink [3]. In 1971,
the American Water Works Association (AWWA) gave ofcial support to in—
vestigating the use of reclaimed municipal waste water for industry, irriga—
tion, and recreation, and, where appropriate, for renewal of underground wa—
ter supplies [4]. Abroad, VVindhoek, the capital of Southwest Africa, in 1968
became the rst city in the world to reclaim municipal treatment plant
ef—
uent on a large scale for drinking water: The treated waste water made up
about one—third of the city’s total domestic water supply [5].
In reviewing some of these trends, one author in the eld of waste manage—
ment commented:
'
One should realize there is no such thing as new water; nearly all water on the
earth’s surface has been used and reused in one way or another. Perhaps 0116
174
'
Th
L'
't
e
|m| s
of Po’rc hwo rk
On a hot day not long ago, children and their parents stood in line to swim in
a shallow articial basin at Santee, in southern California. With the Pacic
Ocean less than one hour away, the lure of the man—made swimming hole was
not immediately apparent. Their attraction was a mixture of curiosity and
some pride in a community experiment; The basin contained sewage water that
'
had been highly treated or reclaimed to make it safe enough for bathing ….
As of 1971, some 45 California sewage reclamation systems were produc—
ing water for ornamental and recreational lakes and for the irrigation of golf '
courses, parks, and freeway landscapes. Sewage wastewater puried by ad—
vanced techniques is used for industrial processes, primarily cooling, in some
25 US. cities [2]. Studies in Denver and Dallas are being conducted to deter—
mine whether discharges from secondary treatment plants can be retreated
With advanced methods to make the water pure enough to drink [3]. In 1971,
the American Water Works Association (AWWA) gave ofcial support to in—
vestigating the use of reclaimed municipal waste water for industry, irriga—
tion, and recreation, and, where appropriate, for renewal of underground wa—
ter supplies [4]. Abroad, VVindhoek, the capital of Southwest Africa, in 1968
became the rst city in the world to reclaim municipal treatment plant
ef—
uent on a large scale for drinking water: The treated waste water made up
about one—third of the city’s total domestic water supply [5].
In reviewing some of these trends, one author in the eld of waste manage—
ment commented:
'
One should realize there is no such thing as new water; nearly all water on the
earth’s surface has been used and reused in one way or another. Perhaps 0116
174
'