I-5
Index
degree programs, in geospatial technology, 446–447
degrees, minutes, and seconds (DMS), 32–33
delta error, 81
DEM. See Digital Elevation Model
Department of Transportation, NDGPS of, 84
“Determining Local GPS Satellite Geometry Effects On
Position Accuracy” (Pawlowicz), 91
developable surfaces, in map projections, 38, 38f
differential GPS (DGPS), 83–84, 84f
Digital Elevation Model (DEM), 383–386, 385f, 386f
adding contour lines and intervals in MICRODEM,
398–399
adding hillshades in MICRODEM, 397–398
adding slope in MICRODEM, 400
opening in MICRODEM, 396–397
3D visualization in MICRODEM, 400–403
Digital Geography, 457
digital landscaping, 377–403, 378f
DEMs, 383–386, 385f, 386f, 397–403
geospatial technology representations, 382, 383f
making terrain look realistic, 387–390, 387f, 388f,
389f, 390f
of Mount Everest, 378f
representing terrain, 378–382, 379f, 381f, 383f
terrain analysis with GE and MICRODEM, 392–403
Digital Line Graphs (DLGs), 105–106, 105f
Digital Orthophoto Quads (DOQs), 278
Digital Raster Graphic (DRG), 378–380, 379f
digital spatial data analysis
with AEJEE, 115, 115f, 119–129
AEJEE basic features, 115, 115f
with ArcGIS, 62, 102, 117, 130–145
computer-based environment of GIS, 100
GIS defined, 2, 99–100
history of GIS, 101
kinds of GIS, 113–118, 114f, 115f, 116f
metadata in, 112–113
non-spatial data in, 108–112, 110f, 111f
online GIS resources for, 100f, 101
representation of real-world items in GIS, 101–108,
103f, 104f, 105f, 107f, 108f
representing real world as continuous fields,
106–108, 107f, 108f
software packages for, 113–118, 114f, 115f, 116f
uses of GIS, 99–100
Digital Terrain Model (DTM), 382
Digital Urban, 457
DigitalGlobe, 339–340
digitizing, 103–104, 104f
of building footprints in GSU, 425–426
Dijkstra’s Algorithm, 234–235
discrete object view, 102–106, 103f, 104f, 105f
continuous field view, 106–108, 107f, 108f
Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS), 84
contour, 379, 379f
in MICRODEM, 398–399
contour interval, 380
in MICRODEM, 398–399
control points, 55–58, 57f
error values for, 60
in Microsoft MapCruncher, 66–69
number of, 57–58
selection of, 55–57, 57f
control segment, of GPS, 76, 76f
coordinate systems
in ArcGIS and ArcMap, 137–138
GCS, 31–36, 32f, 34f–35f, 42
mismatching, 51–53, 52f
SPCS, 41–44, 43f, 44f
UTM, 39–42, 40f, 41f
coordinates, using GE to examine, 25–26, 46–50
Corona program, 324, 324f
correspondences, in Microsoft MapCruncher, 66–69
CORS. See Continuously Operating Reference Stations
coverage, 116
Cuban Missile Crisis, aerial photography for, 273, 273f
cylindrical projections, 38–39, 38f
Dangermond, Jack, 13, 113
data. See also geospatial data; non-spatial data;
real-world data
display on GIS maps, 192–196, 193f, 194f
normalized, 196
scale of, 186–189, 188f
translated, 59, 59f
data classification, 193–196, 194f
Equal Intervals, 194–195, 194f
Natural Breaks, 193–194, 194f
Quantile method, 194, 194f
Standard Deviation method, 194f, 195
Data Frame, in ArcMap, 137–138
database query. See query
datums
defined, 30–31, 30f
mismatching, 51–53, 52f
NAD27, 31, 42
NAD83, 31, 42–43
transformation, 31
vertical, 377
WGS84, 31
David Rumsey Historical Map Collection, 54–55, 54f
decimal degrees (DD), 33
decision-making, geospatial data used in, 9–10
deforestation, with Landsat satellites, 336, 337f
Index
degree programs, in geospatial technology, 446–447
degrees, minutes, and seconds (DMS), 32–33
delta error, 81
DEM. See Digital Elevation Model
Department of Transportation, NDGPS of, 84
“Determining Local GPS Satellite Geometry Effects On
Position Accuracy” (Pawlowicz), 91
developable surfaces, in map projections, 38, 38f
differential GPS (DGPS), 83–84, 84f
Digital Elevation Model (DEM), 383–386, 385f, 386f
adding contour lines and intervals in MICRODEM,
398–399
adding hillshades in MICRODEM, 397–398
adding slope in MICRODEM, 400
opening in MICRODEM, 396–397
3D visualization in MICRODEM, 400–403
Digital Geography, 457
digital landscaping, 377–403, 378f
DEMs, 383–386, 385f, 386f, 397–403
geospatial technology representations, 382, 383f
making terrain look realistic, 387–390, 387f, 388f,
389f, 390f
of Mount Everest, 378f
representing terrain, 378–382, 379f, 381f, 383f
terrain analysis with GE and MICRODEM, 392–403
Digital Line Graphs (DLGs), 105–106, 105f
Digital Orthophoto Quads (DOQs), 278
Digital Raster Graphic (DRG), 378–380, 379f
digital spatial data analysis
with AEJEE, 115, 115f, 119–129
AEJEE basic features, 115, 115f
with ArcGIS, 62, 102, 117, 130–145
computer-based environment of GIS, 100
GIS defined, 2, 99–100
history of GIS, 101
kinds of GIS, 113–118, 114f, 115f, 116f
metadata in, 112–113
non-spatial data in, 108–112, 110f, 111f
online GIS resources for, 100f, 101
representation of real-world items in GIS, 101–108,
103f, 104f, 105f, 107f, 108f
representing real world as continuous fields,
106–108, 107f, 108f
software packages for, 113–118, 114f, 115f, 116f
uses of GIS, 99–100
Digital Terrain Model (DTM), 382
Digital Urban, 457
DigitalGlobe, 339–340
digitizing, 103–104, 104f
of building footprints in GSU, 425–426
Dijkstra’s Algorithm, 234–235
discrete object view, 102–106, 103f, 104f, 105f
continuous field view, 106–108, 107f, 108f
Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS), 84
contour, 379, 379f
in MICRODEM, 398–399
contour interval, 380
in MICRODEM, 398–399
control points, 55–58, 57f
error values for, 60
in Microsoft MapCruncher, 66–69
number of, 57–58
selection of, 55–57, 57f
control segment, of GPS, 76, 76f
coordinate systems
in ArcGIS and ArcMap, 137–138
GCS, 31–36, 32f, 34f–35f, 42
mismatching, 51–53, 52f
SPCS, 41–44, 43f, 44f
UTM, 39–42, 40f, 41f
coordinates, using GE to examine, 25–26, 46–50
Corona program, 324, 324f
correspondences, in Microsoft MapCruncher, 66–69
CORS. See Continuously Operating Reference Stations
coverage, 116
Cuban Missile Crisis, aerial photography for, 273, 273f
cylindrical projections, 38–39, 38f
Dangermond, Jack, 13, 113
data. See also geospatial data; non-spatial data;
real-world data
display on GIS maps, 192–196, 193f, 194f
normalized, 196
scale of, 186–189, 188f
translated, 59, 59f
data classification, 193–196, 194f
Equal Intervals, 194–195, 194f
Natural Breaks, 193–194, 194f
Quantile method, 194, 194f
Standard Deviation method, 194f, 195
Data Frame, in ArcMap, 137–138
database query. See query
datums
defined, 30–31, 30f
mismatching, 51–53, 52f
NAD27, 31, 42
NAD83, 31, 42–43
transformation, 31
vertical, 377
WGS84, 31
David Rumsey Historical Map Collection, 54–55, 54f
decimal degrees (DD), 33
decision-making, geospatial data used in, 9–10
deforestation, with Landsat satellites, 336, 337f