complexit ies and aggrega tions of LULC types an d LST zones decreas ed across the
scales based on the meas urem ents of patch density, landscape shape index, and mean
perimete r –area ratio at landscape level . However , the calculati ons o f perim eter –area
fractal dimensi on (both class and landscape level s) showed unexpe cted resul ts for
both LUL C and LST maps a cross the scales. Impr oved fractal dimensi on indices
could be used to improve the result (Frohn, 1998).
Additional metrics , like edge contrast index can be included in determin ing an
optimal spatial scale for the exami nation of relationships betw een lands cape patt erns
and LSTs. For examp le, edge can affect the relations hip of one patch wi th its neighbor
patche s, maki ng it especi ally signi ficant in the study of energy trans fer in the urban
area. However , how diff erent tem perature zones impa ct each other at edg es is little
unders tood, and how to determin e the co ntrast weights for the focal LST patch
remains unanswe red. Fu ture study may include the identi ficati on of edge effects
between LST zones.
REFEREN CES
Alberti, M. 2005. The effects of urban patterns on ecosystem function. International Regional
Science Review 28(2):168–192.
ASTER online products description. 2005. Available at http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/content/
03_data/01_Data_Products/SurfaceTemperature.pdf
Bain, D.J., and Brush, G.S. 2004. Placing the pieces: reconstructing the original property
mosaic in a warrant and patent watershed. Landscape Ecology 19(8):843– 856.
Forman, R.T.T., and Godron, M. 1986. Landscape Ecology . New York, NY: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
Franklin, J.F., and Forman, R.T.T. 1987. Creating landscape patterns by forest cutting:
ecological consequences and principles. Landscape Ecology 1:5–18.
Frohn, R.C. 1998. Remote Sensing for Landscape Ecology: New Metric Indicators for
Monitoring, Modelling, and Assessment of Ecosystems . Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.
Gustafson, E.J. 1998. Quantifying landscape spatial pattern: What is the state of the art?
Ecosystems 1:143–156.
Liu, H., and Weng, Q. 2008. Seasonal variations in the relationship between landscape pattern
and land surface temperature in Indianapolis, USA. Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment 144(1–3):199–219.
Kr€ onert, R., Steinhardt, U., and Volk, M. 2001. Landscape Balance and Landscape Assessment. Berlin: Springer.
McGarigal, K., and Marks, B.J. 1995. FRAGSTATS: spatial pattern analysis program for
quantifying landscape structure. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-351. USDA Forest
Service. Pacific Northwest Research Station. Portland, OR.
McGarigal, K., Cushman, S.A., Neel, M.C., and Ene, E. 2002. FRAGSTATS: spatial pattern
analysis program for categorical maps. Computer software program produced by the
authors at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Available at www.umass.Edu/
landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.
228
SCALING ISSUES IN STUDYING THE RELATIONSHIP
scales based on the meas urem ents of patch density, landscape shape index, and mean
perimete r –area ratio at landscape level . However , the calculati ons o f perim eter –area
fractal dimensi on (both class and landscape level s) showed unexpe cted resul ts for
both LUL C and LST maps a cross the scales. Impr oved fractal dimensi on indices
could be used to improve the result (Frohn, 1998).
Additional metrics , like edge contrast index can be included in determin ing an
optimal spatial scale for the exami nation of relationships betw een lands cape patt erns
and LSTs. For examp le, edge can affect the relations hip of one patch wi th its neighbor
patche s, maki ng it especi ally signi ficant in the study of energy trans fer in the urban
area. However , how diff erent tem perature zones impa ct each other at edg es is little
unders tood, and how to determin e the co ntrast weights for the focal LST patch
remains unanswe red. Fu ture study may include the identi ficati on of edge effects
between LST zones.
REFEREN CES
Alberti, M. 2005. The effects of urban patterns on ecosystem function. International Regional
Science Review 28(2):168–192.
ASTER online products description. 2005. Available at http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/content/
03_data/01_Data_Products/SurfaceTemperature.pdf
Bain, D.J., and Brush, G.S. 2004. Placing the pieces: reconstructing the original property
mosaic in a warrant and patent watershed. Landscape Ecology 19(8):843– 856.
Forman, R.T.T., and Godron, M. 1986. Landscape Ecology . New York, NY: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
Franklin, J.F., and Forman, R.T.T. 1987. Creating landscape patterns by forest cutting:
ecological consequences and principles. Landscape Ecology 1:5–18.
Frohn, R.C. 1998. Remote Sensing for Landscape Ecology: New Metric Indicators for
Monitoring, Modelling, and Assessment of Ecosystems . Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.
Gustafson, E.J. 1998. Quantifying landscape spatial pattern: What is the state of the art?
Ecosystems 1:143–156.
Liu, H., and Weng, Q. 2008. Seasonal variations in the relationship between landscape pattern
and land surface temperature in Indianapolis, USA. Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment 144(1–3):199–219.
Kr€ onert, R., Steinhardt, U., and Volk, M. 2001. Landscape Balance and Landscape Assessment. Berlin: Springer.
McGarigal, K., and Marks, B.J. 1995. FRAGSTATS: spatial pattern analysis program for
quantifying landscape structure. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-351. USDA Forest
Service. Pacific Northwest Research Station. Portland, OR.
McGarigal, K., Cushman, S.A., Neel, M.C., and Ene, E. 2002. FRAGSTATS: spatial pattern
analysis program for categorical maps. Computer software program produced by the
authors at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Available at www.umass.Edu/
landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.
228
SCALING ISSUES IN STUDYING THE RELATIONSHIP