284
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and T. Brooks ), pp. 243 – 264 . Cambridge University Press ,
Cambridge .
Myers , N. ( 1979 ) The sinking ark: a new look at the problem of
disappearing species . Pergamon Press , New York .
Myers , N. ( 1985 ) A look at the present extinction spasm .
Animal Extinctions: what everyone should know (ed. by
R.J. Hoage ), pp. 47 – 57 . Smithsonian Institution Press ,
Washington, DC and London .
Myers , N. ( 1988 ) Threatened biotas: ‘ hot spots ’ in tropical
forests . The Environmentalist , 8 , 1 – 20 .
Myers , N. ( 1990 ) The biodiversity challenge: expanded ‘ hot -
spots ’ analysis . The Environmentalist , 10 , 243 – 256 .
Myers , N. ( 2003 ) Biodiversity hotspots revisited . BioScience ,
53 , 796 – 797 .
Myers , N. , Mittermeier , R.A. , Mittermeier , C.G. , da Fonseca ,
G.A.B. & Kent , J. ( 2000 ) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities . Nature , 403 , 853 – 858 .
Naidoo , R. & Ricketts , T.H. ( 2006 ) Mapping the economic
costs and benefi ts of conservation . PLoS Biology , 4 ,
2153 – 2164 .
Naidoo , R. , Balmford , A. , Ferraro , P.J. , Polasky , S. , Ricketts ,
T.H. & Rouget , M. ( 2006 ) Integrating economic costs into
conservation planning . Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 21 ,
681 – 687 .
Naidoo , R. , Balmford , A. , Costanza , R. , Fisher , B. , Green , R.E. ,
Lehner , B. , Malcolm , T.R. & Ricketts , T.H. ( 2008 ) Global
mapping of ecosystem services and conservation priorities .
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA , 105 ,
9495 – 9500 .
de Nascimento , L. , Willis , K.J. , Fern á ndez - Palacios , J.M. ,
Criado , C. & Whittaker , R.J. ( 2009 ) The long - term ecology
of the lost forests of La Laguna, Tenerife (Canary Islands) .
Journal of Biogeography , 36 , 499 – 514 .
Nash , R. ( 1982 ) Wilderness and the American mind . Yale
University Press , New Haven .
NCC [Nature Conservancy Council] ( 1989 ) Guidelines for
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Peterborough .
Nelson , B.W. , Fereira , A.C. , da Silva , M.F. & Kawasaki , M.L.
( 1990 ) Endemism centres, refugia and botanical collection
density in Brazilian Amazonia . Nature , 345 , 714 – 716 .
Newmark , W.D. ( 1991 ) Tropical forest fragmentation and the
local extinction of understorey birds in the Eastern
Usambara Mountains, Tanzania . Conservation Biology , 5 ,
67 – 78 .
Nicholls , A. O. & Margules , C. ( 1993 ) An upgraded reserve
selection algorithm . Biological Conservation , 64 , 165 – 169 .
Nicholson , E. & Possingham , H.P. ( 2006 ) Objectives for multiple species conservation planning . Conservation Biology ,
20 , 871 – 881 .
Nogu é s - Bravo , D. , Rodr í guez , J. , Hortal , J. , Batra , P. & Ara ú jo ,
M. B. ( 2008 ) Climate change, humans, and the extinction
of the mammoth . PLoS Biology , 6 , e79 . doi: 10.1371/
journal.pbio.0060079
Noss , R. ( 1990 ) Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach . Conservation Biology , 4 , 355 – 364 .
Noss , R.F. ( 2004 ) Conservation targets and information needs
for regional conservation planning . Natural Areas Journal ,
24 , 223 – 231 .
O ’ Dea , N. , Ara ú jo , M.B. & Whittaker , R.J. ( 2006 ) How well do
Important Bird Areas represent species and minimise conservation confl ict in the tropical Andes? Diversity and
Distributions , 12 , 205 – 214 .
Ø degaard , F. , Diserud , O.H. , Engen , S. & Aagaard , K. (2000 )
The magnitude of local host specifi city for phytophagous
insects and its implications for estimates of global species
richness . Conservation Biology , 14 , 1182 – 1186 .
Oksanen , L. & Oksanen , T. ( 2000 ) The logic and realism of the
hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems . American Naturalist ,
155 , 703 – 723
Olden , J.D. ( 2006 ) Biotic homogenization: a new research
agenda for conservation biogeography . Journal of
Biogeography , 33 , 2027 – 2039 .
Olden , J.D. & Poff , N.L. ( 2003 ) Toward a mechanistic understanding and prediction of biotic homogenization . American
Naturalist , 162 , 442 – 460 .
Olden , J.D. & Rooney , T.P. ( 2006 ) On defi ning and quantifying
biotic homogenization . Global Ecology and Biogeography , 15 ,
113 – 120 .
Olden , J.D. , Poff , N.L. , Douglas , M.R. , Douglas , M.E. & Fausch ,
K.D. ( 2004 ) Ecological and evolutionary consequences of
biotic homogenization . Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 19 ,
18 – 24 .
Olden , J.D. , Douglas , M.E. & Douglas , M.R. ( 2005 ) The human
dimensions of biotic homogenization . Conservation Biology ,
19 , 2036 – 2038 .
Olden , J.D. , Kennard , M.J. & Pusey , B.J. ( 2008 ) Species invasions and the changing biogeography of Australian freshwater fi shes . Global Ecology and Biogeography , 17 , 25 – 37 .
Oliver , M.J. & Irwin , A.J. ( 2008 ) Objective global ocean biogeographic provinces . Geophysical Research Letters , 35
( L15601 ), 1 – 6 .
Olsen , S.B. ( 2003 ) Frameworks and indicators for assessing
progress in integrated coastal management initiatives .
Ocean and Coastal Management , 46 , 347 – 361 .
Olson , D.N. & Dinerstein , E. ( 1998 ) The Global 200: a representation approach to conserving the Earth ’ s most biologically valuable ecoregions . Conservation Biology , 12 ,
502 – 515 .
Olson , D.M. & Dinerstein , E. ( 2002 ) The Global 200: priority
ecoregions for global conservation . Annals of the Missouri
Botanical Garden , 89 , 199 – 224 .
Olson , D.M. , Dinerstein , E. , Wikramanayake , E.D. , Burgess ,
N.D. , Powell , G.V.N. , Underwood , E.C. , D ’ Amico , J.A. , Itoua ,
I. , Strand , H.E. , Morrison , J.C. , Loucks , C.J. , Allnutt , T.F. ,
Ricketts , T.H. , Kura , Y. , Lamoreux , J.F. , Wettengel , W.W. ,
Hedao , P. & Kassem , K.R. ( 2001 ) Terrestrial ecoregions of
the world: a new map of life on Earth . BioScience , 51 ,
933 – 938 .
References
Phylogeny and conservation (ed. by A. Purvis , J.L. Gittleman
and T. Brooks ), pp. 243 – 264 . Cambridge University Press ,
Cambridge .
Myers , N. ( 1979 ) The sinking ark: a new look at the problem of
disappearing species . Pergamon Press , New York .
Myers , N. ( 1985 ) A look at the present extinction spasm .
Animal Extinctions: what everyone should know (ed. by
R.J. Hoage ), pp. 47 – 57 . Smithsonian Institution Press ,
Washington, DC and London .
Myers , N. ( 1988 ) Threatened biotas: ‘ hot spots ’ in tropical
forests . The Environmentalist , 8 , 1 – 20 .
Myers , N. ( 1990 ) The biodiversity challenge: expanded ‘ hot -
spots ’ analysis . The Environmentalist , 10 , 243 – 256 .
Myers , N. ( 2003 ) Biodiversity hotspots revisited . BioScience ,
53 , 796 – 797 .
Myers , N. , Mittermeier , R.A. , Mittermeier , C.G. , da Fonseca ,
G.A.B. & Kent , J. ( 2000 ) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities . Nature , 403 , 853 – 858 .
Naidoo , R. & Ricketts , T.H. ( 2006 ) Mapping the economic
costs and benefi ts of conservation . PLoS Biology , 4 ,
2153 – 2164 .
Naidoo , R. , Balmford , A. , Ferraro , P.J. , Polasky , S. , Ricketts ,
T.H. & Rouget , M. ( 2006 ) Integrating economic costs into
conservation planning . Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 21 ,
681 – 687 .
Naidoo , R. , Balmford , A. , Costanza , R. , Fisher , B. , Green , R.E. ,
Lehner , B. , Malcolm , T.R. & Ricketts , T.H. ( 2008 ) Global
mapping of ecosystem services and conservation priorities .
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA , 105 ,
9495 – 9500 .
de Nascimento , L. , Willis , K.J. , Fern á ndez - Palacios , J.M. ,
Criado , C. & Whittaker , R.J. ( 2009 ) The long - term ecology
of the lost forests of La Laguna, Tenerife (Canary Islands) .
Journal of Biogeography , 36 , 499 – 514 .
Nash , R. ( 1982 ) Wilderness and the American mind . Yale
University Press , New Haven .
NCC [Nature Conservancy Council] ( 1989 ) Guidelines for
Selection of Biological SSSIs . Nature Conservancy Council ,
Peterborough .
Nelson , B.W. , Fereira , A.C. , da Silva , M.F. & Kawasaki , M.L.
( 1990 ) Endemism centres, refugia and botanical collection
density in Brazilian Amazonia . Nature , 345 , 714 – 716 .
Newmark , W.D. ( 1991 ) Tropical forest fragmentation and the
local extinction of understorey birds in the Eastern
Usambara Mountains, Tanzania . Conservation Biology , 5 ,
67 – 78 .
Nicholls , A. O. & Margules , C. ( 1993 ) An upgraded reserve
selection algorithm . Biological Conservation , 64 , 165 – 169 .
Nicholson , E. & Possingham , H.P. ( 2006 ) Objectives for multiple species conservation planning . Conservation Biology ,
20 , 871 – 881 .
Nogu é s - Bravo , D. , Rodr í guez , J. , Hortal , J. , Batra , P. & Ara ú jo ,
M. B. ( 2008 ) Climate change, humans, and the extinction
of the mammoth . PLoS Biology , 6 , e79 . doi: 10.1371/
journal.pbio.0060079
Noss , R. ( 1990 ) Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach . Conservation Biology , 4 , 355 – 364 .
Noss , R.F. ( 2004 ) Conservation targets and information needs
for regional conservation planning . Natural Areas Journal ,
24 , 223 – 231 .
O ’ Dea , N. , Ara ú jo , M.B. & Whittaker , R.J. ( 2006 ) How well do
Important Bird Areas represent species and minimise conservation confl ict in the tropical Andes? Diversity and
Distributions , 12 , 205 – 214 .
Ø degaard , F. , Diserud , O.H. , Engen , S. & Aagaard , K. (2000 )
The magnitude of local host specifi city for phytophagous
insects and its implications for estimates of global species
richness . Conservation Biology , 14 , 1182 – 1186 .
Oksanen , L. & Oksanen , T. ( 2000 ) The logic and realism of the
hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems . American Naturalist ,
155 , 703 – 723
Olden , J.D. ( 2006 ) Biotic homogenization: a new research
agenda for conservation biogeography . Journal of
Biogeography , 33 , 2027 – 2039 .
Olden , J.D. & Poff , N.L. ( 2003 ) Toward a mechanistic understanding and prediction of biotic homogenization . American
Naturalist , 162 , 442 – 460 .
Olden , J.D. & Rooney , T.P. ( 2006 ) On defi ning and quantifying
biotic homogenization . Global Ecology and Biogeography , 15 ,
113 – 120 .
Olden , J.D. , Poff , N.L. , Douglas , M.R. , Douglas , M.E. & Fausch ,
K.D. ( 2004 ) Ecological and evolutionary consequences of
biotic homogenization . Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 19 ,
18 – 24 .
Olden , J.D. , Douglas , M.E. & Douglas , M.R. ( 2005 ) The human
dimensions of biotic homogenization . Conservation Biology ,
19 , 2036 – 2038 .
Olden , J.D. , Kennard , M.J. & Pusey , B.J. ( 2008 ) Species invasions and the changing biogeography of Australian freshwater fi shes . Global Ecology and Biogeography , 17 , 25 – 37 .
Oliver , M.J. & Irwin , A.J. ( 2008 ) Objective global ocean biogeographic provinces . Geophysical Research Letters , 35
( L15601 ), 1 – 6 .
Olsen , S.B. ( 2003 ) Frameworks and indicators for assessing
progress in integrated coastal management initiatives .
Ocean and Coastal Management , 46 , 347 – 361 .
Olson , D.N. & Dinerstein , E. ( 1998 ) The Global 200: a representation approach to conserving the Earth ’ s most biologically valuable ecoregions . Conservation Biology , 12 ,
502 – 515 .
Olson , D.M. & Dinerstein , E. ( 2002 ) The Global 200: priority
ecoregions for global conservation . Annals of the Missouri
Botanical Garden , 89 , 199 – 224 .
Olson , D.M. , Dinerstein , E. , Wikramanayake , E.D. , Burgess ,
N.D. , Powell , G.V.N. , Underwood , E.C. , D ’ Amico , J.A. , Itoua ,
I. , Strand , H.E. , Morrison , J.C. , Loucks , C.J. , Allnutt , T.F. ,
Ricketts , T.H. , Kura , Y. , Lamoreux , J.F. , Wettengel , W.W. ,
Hedao , P. & Kassem , K.R. ( 2001 ) Terrestrial ecoregions of
the world: a new map of life on Earth . BioScience , 51 ,
933 – 938 .