560
GENERAL INDEX
scavengers (cont’d)
– rapid response, 355
– response to large carcasses, 354–358
– response to whale carcasses, 355, 475
– sharks, 282
– trophic pathway, 357
scent plumes, 59
scleractinians, 125, 127, 279, 282, 283, 360, 402, 403
Scotia Arc (Southern Ocean), 250
– biogeography, 255
Scotia Sea (South Atlantic Ocean), 116, 390, 392
Scotian Rise (Atlantic Ocean), 163
– biomass, 149
– faunal densities, 149
Scotland–Faroes–Iceland Ridge (North Atlantic), 1
Scottish Association for Marine Science, 321
Scottish Marine Biological Association (SMBA), 321
Scripps Canyon (Pacific Ocean), 197
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 362
scuba divers, 319
sea anemones (see also actiniarians, and Actiniaria in Systematic
Index)
– Atlantic Ocean, 123, 125, 130, 133, 138, 141, 164, 330
– – canyons, 127
– – Cape Hatteras, 129
– – Northwest African margin, 140
– – zonation, 125
– cerianthids, 339
–
137 Cs contamination, 439
– Red Sea, 283
– reproduction, 402, 403
– suspension feeders, 20, 21
sea cucumbers (see also holothurians, and Holothuroidea in
Systematic Index)
– as food for anemones, 403
– deep-sea soft-bottom fauna, 16
– food supply, 353
sea-level changes, 119
Sea of Japan, 266, 274–276, 286, 287
– bathymetry, 275
– characteristics, 262
– circulation, 276
– evaporation, 261
– fauna, 286, 287
– hydrography, 275, 276
– morphology, 274, 275
– peripheral seas, 261
– potential temperature, 276
– primary production, 276
– sediments, 276
– vertical flux, 276
Sea of Okhotsk, 266, 274, 276–279, 287
– bathymetry, 277
– characteristics, 262
– circulation, 278
– extreme winter cooling, 261
– fauna, 287
– foraminiferal communities, 287
– gigantism, 287
– hydrography, 276, 277
– morphology, 276
– peripheral seas, 261
– potential temperature, 278
– primary production, 277–279
– salinity, 278
– sediments, 277
– vertical flux, 277–279
sea pens (see also Pennatulacea in Systematic Index)
– Atlantic Ocean, 125, 127
– suspension feeders, 20, 28
sea squirts, see ascidians
sea urchins (see also Echinoidea in Systematic Index)
– Atlantic Ocean, 125
– – Goban Spur, 137
– – Northwest African margin, 140
– changes with depth, 26
– ectoparasites, 395
– food supply, 353
– growth rates, 135
– Mediterranean Sea, 279
– Pacific Ocean, 201, 204
– – abyssal equatorial Pacific, 201
– reproduction, 400, 401
– sampling, 11
– seasonality, 123
– sediment mixing, 205
– stable-isotope analysis, 440
– traces, 201
seabed photography, 121, 123, 135, 138, 140, 326, 342, 343, 351,
357
seabed respirometry, 328
seagrass, 160, 271, 353, 354
seamounts, 67, 179, 184, 198, 199, 317, 340, 415, 457, 460
– Atlantic Ocean, 151
– – meiofaunal communities, 151
– colonization rates, 211
– currents, 184
– Indian Ocean, 220
– Pacific Ocean, 210, 211
– species distribution, 210, 211
– xenophyophores, 202
seasonal blooms, 320
seasonal community response, 122
seasonal cycle, 70
seasonal migrations, 60
seasonal processes, 474
seasonal production, 119
seasonal thermocline, 41, 54, 340
seasonal variation, 137
seasonality, 63, 113, 157, 363, 366, 430
– Atlantic Ocean, 112, 120–122
– – Bay of Biscay, 139
– – Goban Spur, 137
– bacterial numbers and biomass, 155
– composition of particle flux, 321
– echinoids, 123
– effects on behaviour, 73
– effects on demersal fish, 156
GENERAL INDEX
scavengers (cont’d)
– rapid response, 355
– response to large carcasses, 354–358
– response to whale carcasses, 355, 475
– sharks, 282
– trophic pathway, 357
scent plumes, 59
scleractinians, 125, 127, 279, 282, 283, 360, 402, 403
Scotia Arc (Southern Ocean), 250
– biogeography, 255
Scotia Sea (South Atlantic Ocean), 116, 390, 392
Scotian Rise (Atlantic Ocean), 163
– biomass, 149
– faunal densities, 149
Scotland–Faroes–Iceland Ridge (North Atlantic), 1
Scottish Association for Marine Science, 321
Scottish Marine Biological Association (SMBA), 321
Scripps Canyon (Pacific Ocean), 197
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 362
scuba divers, 319
sea anemones (see also actiniarians, and Actiniaria in Systematic
Index)
– Atlantic Ocean, 123, 125, 130, 133, 138, 141, 164, 330
– – canyons, 127
– – Cape Hatteras, 129
– – Northwest African margin, 140
– – zonation, 125
– cerianthids, 339
–
137 Cs contamination, 439
– Red Sea, 283
– reproduction, 402, 403
– suspension feeders, 20, 21
sea cucumbers (see also holothurians, and Holothuroidea in
Systematic Index)
– as food for anemones, 403
– deep-sea soft-bottom fauna, 16
– food supply, 353
sea-level changes, 119
Sea of Japan, 266, 274–276, 286, 287
– bathymetry, 275
– characteristics, 262
– circulation, 276
– evaporation, 261
– fauna, 286, 287
– hydrography, 275, 276
– morphology, 274, 275
– peripheral seas, 261
– potential temperature, 276
– primary production, 276
– sediments, 276
– vertical flux, 276
Sea of Okhotsk, 266, 274, 276–279, 287
– bathymetry, 277
– characteristics, 262
– circulation, 278
– extreme winter cooling, 261
– fauna, 287
– foraminiferal communities, 287
– gigantism, 287
– hydrography, 276, 277
– morphology, 276
– peripheral seas, 261
– potential temperature, 278
– primary production, 277–279
– salinity, 278
– sediments, 277
– vertical flux, 277–279
sea pens (see also Pennatulacea in Systematic Index)
– Atlantic Ocean, 125, 127
– suspension feeders, 20, 28
sea squirts, see ascidians
sea urchins (see also Echinoidea in Systematic Index)
– Atlantic Ocean, 125
– – Goban Spur, 137
– – Northwest African margin, 140
– changes with depth, 26
– ectoparasites, 395
– food supply, 353
– growth rates, 135
– Mediterranean Sea, 279
– Pacific Ocean, 201, 204
– – abyssal equatorial Pacific, 201
– reproduction, 400, 401
– sampling, 11
– seasonality, 123
– sediment mixing, 205
– stable-isotope analysis, 440
– traces, 201
seabed photography, 121, 123, 135, 138, 140, 326, 342, 343, 351,
357
seabed respirometry, 328
seagrass, 160, 271, 353, 354
seamounts, 67, 179, 184, 198, 199, 317, 340, 415, 457, 460
– Atlantic Ocean, 151
– – meiofaunal communities, 151
– colonization rates, 211
– currents, 184
– Indian Ocean, 220
– Pacific Ocean, 210, 211
– species distribution, 210, 211
– xenophyophores, 202
seasonal blooms, 320
seasonal community response, 122
seasonal cycle, 70
seasonal migrations, 60
seasonal processes, 474
seasonal production, 119
seasonal thermocline, 41, 54, 340
seasonal variation, 137
seasonality, 63, 113, 157, 363, 366, 430
– Atlantic Ocean, 112, 120–122
– – Bay of Biscay, 139
– – Goban Spur, 137
– bacterial numbers and biomass, 155
– composition of particle flux, 321
– echinoids, 123
– effects on behaviour, 73
– effects on demersal fish, 156