GENERAL INDEX
555
– terrestrial and coastal plants, 353
– utilization by macrobenthos, 353
Pleistocene
– extinctions, 249
– glaciations, 248
Pliny Trench (Mediterranean Sea), 282
plumes, 59, 93, 94, 416, 435, 441
– as a means of dispersal, 102
– cold plumes, 242
– contamination, 434
– detection, 44
– effects on the deep sea, 100
– microbial growth, 93
– odour plume, 356, 357
– turbidity plumes, 431
plutonium (see also
230 Pu), 428, 439
PMO (Pilot mining operation), 455
pogonophorans, 86, 94–97, 283, 287, 360, 382
– Atlantic Ocean, 126
– – Vøring Plateau, 133
– brooding, 414
– dissolved organic matter as food source, 360
– dysaerobic basins, 96
– symbiosis, 94
Point Barrow (Arctic Ocean), 243
polar deep seas
– definition, 239
– exploration, 239, 240
– sampling, 239
Polar Front, 43, 181, 276
pollution, 427–461
– dumping, 458
– ship losses, 432
polonium, 52
polychaetes (see also Polychaeta in Systematic Index)
– abyssal zones in the Indian Ocean, 233
– adaptations to low-oxygen environment, 230
– Arctic Ocean, 246
– as scavengers, 357
– Atlantic Ocean, 124–129, 164, 165, 298
– – Cape Hatteras, 129
– – densities, 150
– – Goban Spur, 137
– – Iberian margin, 139
– – Northwest African margin, 140
– – Norwegian–Greenland Sea, 132
– – Puerto Rico Trench, 131
– – reproduction, 385, 386
– – Rockall Trough, 63, 134
– – tubes, 130
– below the oxygen minimum zone, 230
– carnivores, 21
– changes with depth, 18
– colonizers, 165, 166, 406
– croppers, 22
– deep-sea soft-bottom taxa, 27
– developmental modes, 414
– dissolved organic matter as food source, 360
– diversity, 297
– effects of mining, 206, 453
– embryology, 386
– enzyme profiles, 345
– fecundity, 385
– food-gathering mechanism, 345
– gametogenesis, 382–385
– geographical distribution, 24
– gigantism, 287
– habitat structures, 10
– hydrothermal vents, 90
– hypoxic basins, 87
– in reducing environments, 86
– Kurile Basin (Sea of Okhotsk), 287
– larvae, 385–387
– longevity, 385
– manganese nodules, 202
– Mediterranean Sea, 279, 280, 282
– mudballs, 228
– oxygen minimum zones, 198, 199, 228, 230
– – densities, 229
– Pacific Ocean, 202
– – California slope, 187, 191, 193
– – deep ocean trenches, 211, 212
– – equatorial Pacific, 204
– – Peru–Chile margin, 199
– – Volcano 7, 198
– Red Sea, 283
– reduced-oxygen tolerance, 8
– reducing habitats, 88
– reproduction, 382–387
– sampling, 14
– Sea of Japan, 287
– seamounts, 210
– size class, 11
– soft-bottom habitats, 27
– Southern Ocean, 254
– suspension feeders, 20, 21
– symbiosis, 95
– Venezuela Basin (Caribbean Sea), 284
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 429, 440, 443
polychlorinated camphenes (PCCs), 429
polymetallic crusts, 447, 451
polymetallic nodules, 446–448, 451–453, 459
polymetallic sulphides, 447
population abundance, 338
population changes, 350
population densities, 343
population dynamics, 352
population turnover, 349
Porcupine Abyssal Plain (Atlantic Ocean), 114, 117
– animal traces, 155
– biomass, 145
– demersal fish, 156
– densities, 145
– – foraminiferans, 151
– – macrofauna, 150
– – megafauna, 141
– – meiofauna, 150
– deposit feeders, 347
555
– terrestrial and coastal plants, 353
– utilization by macrobenthos, 353
Pleistocene
– extinctions, 249
– glaciations, 248
Pliny Trench (Mediterranean Sea), 282
plumes, 59, 93, 94, 416, 435, 441
– as a means of dispersal, 102
– cold plumes, 242
– contamination, 434
– detection, 44
– effects on the deep sea, 100
– microbial growth, 93
– odour plume, 356, 357
– turbidity plumes, 431
plutonium (see also
230 Pu), 428, 439
PMO (Pilot mining operation), 455
pogonophorans, 86, 94–97, 283, 287, 360, 382
– Atlantic Ocean, 126
– – Vøring Plateau, 133
– brooding, 414
– dissolved organic matter as food source, 360
– dysaerobic basins, 96
– symbiosis, 94
Point Barrow (Arctic Ocean), 243
polar deep seas
– definition, 239
– exploration, 239, 240
– sampling, 239
Polar Front, 43, 181, 276
pollution, 427–461
– dumping, 458
– ship losses, 432
polonium, 52
polychaetes (see also Polychaeta in Systematic Index)
– abyssal zones in the Indian Ocean, 233
– adaptations to low-oxygen environment, 230
– Arctic Ocean, 246
– as scavengers, 357
– Atlantic Ocean, 124–129, 164, 165, 298
– – Cape Hatteras, 129
– – densities, 150
– – Goban Spur, 137
– – Iberian margin, 139
– – Northwest African margin, 140
– – Norwegian–Greenland Sea, 132
– – Puerto Rico Trench, 131
– – reproduction, 385, 386
– – Rockall Trough, 63, 134
– – tubes, 130
– below the oxygen minimum zone, 230
– carnivores, 21
– changes with depth, 18
– colonizers, 165, 166, 406
– croppers, 22
– deep-sea soft-bottom taxa, 27
– developmental modes, 414
– dissolved organic matter as food source, 360
– diversity, 297
– effects of mining, 206, 453
– embryology, 386
– enzyme profiles, 345
– fecundity, 385
– food-gathering mechanism, 345
– gametogenesis, 382–385
– geographical distribution, 24
– gigantism, 287
– habitat structures, 10
– hydrothermal vents, 90
– hypoxic basins, 87
– in reducing environments, 86
– Kurile Basin (Sea of Okhotsk), 287
– larvae, 385–387
– longevity, 385
– manganese nodules, 202
– Mediterranean Sea, 279, 280, 282
– mudballs, 228
– oxygen minimum zones, 198, 199, 228, 230
– – densities, 229
– Pacific Ocean, 202
– – California slope, 187, 191, 193
– – deep ocean trenches, 211, 212
– – equatorial Pacific, 204
– – Peru–Chile margin, 199
– – Volcano 7, 198
– Red Sea, 283
– reduced-oxygen tolerance, 8
– reducing habitats, 88
– reproduction, 382–387
– sampling, 14
– Sea of Japan, 287
– seamounts, 210
– size class, 11
– soft-bottom habitats, 27
– Southern Ocean, 254
– suspension feeders, 20, 21
– symbiosis, 95
– Venezuela Basin (Caribbean Sea), 284
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 429, 440, 443
polychlorinated camphenes (PCCs), 429
polymetallic crusts, 447, 451
polymetallic nodules, 446–448, 451–453, 459
polymetallic sulphides, 447
population abundance, 338
population changes, 350
population densities, 343
population dynamics, 352
population turnover, 349
Porcupine Abyssal Plain (Atlantic Ocean), 114, 117
– animal traces, 155
– biomass, 145
– demersal fish, 156
– densities, 145
– – foraminiferans, 151
– – macrofauna, 150
– – megafauna, 141
– – meiofauna, 150
– deposit feeders, 347