518
GENERAL INDEX
amphipods (see also Amphipoda in Systematic Index) – as
scavengers (cont’d)
– – locating carrion, 356
– – obligate, 356
– – odour plume, 356
– Atlantic Ocean, 298
– bacteria in the intestinal tract, 356
– colonizers, 166
– deep ocean trenches, 212
– diversity, 298
– eyes, 8
– foraging, 152
– gigantism, 24
– Mediterranean Sea, 282
– movement rates, 29
– necrophages, 152
– ontogenetic migration, 151
– Puerto Rico Trench, 131
– Red Sea, 283
– Rockall Trough, 134
– whale carcasses, 18
Amundsen Basin (Arctic Ocean)
– organic carbon, 244
– phytodetritus, 244
Amundsen Sea (Southern Ocean)
– sediments, 252
anabolic metabolism, 316
anaerobic reactor
– Echinocardium cordatum, 344
anaerobiosis, 316, 334, 355, 364
anchor dredge, 124
anchovetta (Engraulis ringens), 69
Anegada–Jungfern Passages (Caribbean Sea), 269
anemones, see sea anemones
anglerfish, 58
Angola Basin (Atlantic Ocean)
– cold seeps, 473
– faunal densities, 153
– species distribution, 25
animal traces, 155, 201
– Atlantic Ocean, 155
– Bahama Outer Ridge, 155
– burrows, 155
– pelagic deposits, 155
annual production cycle, 66
anoxic basins, 263, 269, 270
anoxic habitats caused by organic remains, 86
Antarctic Bottom Water, 43, 115, 116, 182, 223, 251
– nutrients, 116
– oxygen, 116
– salinity, 116
– temperature, 116
Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 250
Antarctic Convergence, 47, 48
Antarctic deep sea, 249–256
– biogeography, 253, 254
– continental shelves, 239, 249
– ‘dead body rain’, 254
– definition, 249, 250
– downwelling, 430
– drop-stones, 252
– echinoderms, 402
– evolutionary history
– – climate change, 255, 256
– foraminifera, 25
– ice
– – influence on salinity, 251
– – isostatic pressure, 249
– – scouring, 249
– oceanography, 250, 251
– organochlorine compounds, 429
– polychaetes, 386
– primary production, 253
– reproductive periodicity, 383
– seasonality, 71
– sediments, 252
– species distribution, 25, 254
Antarctic Intermediate Water, 48, 223, 269
Antarctic Polar Front, 249, 250
– effect on sedimentation, 252
– effects on species distribution, 253
Antarctic shelf ecosystem, 367
Antarctic Surface Water, 73
Antarctica, 2
anthropogenic impact, 427–461
– regulation, 427
– – exemption, 434
– – London Convention, 432–434
– – MARPOL Convention, 432
– – sovereign immunity, 434
anti-fouling paint, 430
antifreeze, 48
Antikythira (Greece), 265
Antikythira Strait (Mediterranean Sea), 266
antipatharians, 27, 138, 210
aplacophorans, 29, 30, 126, 129, 212, 283, 349, 393, 395, 407
Arabian Basin (Indian Ocean), 223
Arabian Sea (Indian Ocean), 219, 220
– bacterial densities, 231
– depth, 223
– eddies, 225
– foraminifera, 232
– low species richness, 230
– macrofauna outside the oxygen minimum zone, 230
– meiofauna, 230
– organic carbon content, 225
– oxygen, 223
– oxygen depletion, 48
– oxygen minimum zones, 68, 227
– river discharge, 224
– sediment community oxygen consumption (SCOC), 232
– sediments, 223
– species distribution, 230
– surface productivity, 44, 48
– upwelling, 67, 222
– vertical flux, 226, 228
Arctic deep sea, 240–249
– biogeography, 247, 249
GENERAL INDEX
amphipods (see also Amphipoda in Systematic Index) – as
scavengers (cont’d)
– – locating carrion, 356
– – obligate, 356
– – odour plume, 356
– Atlantic Ocean, 298
– bacteria in the intestinal tract, 356
– colonizers, 166
– deep ocean trenches, 212
– diversity, 298
– eyes, 8
– foraging, 152
– gigantism, 24
– Mediterranean Sea, 282
– movement rates, 29
– necrophages, 152
– ontogenetic migration, 151
– Puerto Rico Trench, 131
– Red Sea, 283
– Rockall Trough, 134
– whale carcasses, 18
Amundsen Basin (Arctic Ocean)
– organic carbon, 244
– phytodetritus, 244
Amundsen Sea (Southern Ocean)
– sediments, 252
anabolic metabolism, 316
anaerobic reactor
– Echinocardium cordatum, 344
anaerobiosis, 316, 334, 355, 364
anchor dredge, 124
anchovetta (Engraulis ringens), 69
Anegada–Jungfern Passages (Caribbean Sea), 269
anemones, see sea anemones
anglerfish, 58
Angola Basin (Atlantic Ocean)
– cold seeps, 473
– faunal densities, 153
– species distribution, 25
animal traces, 155, 201
– Atlantic Ocean, 155
– Bahama Outer Ridge, 155
– burrows, 155
– pelagic deposits, 155
annual production cycle, 66
anoxic basins, 263, 269, 270
anoxic habitats caused by organic remains, 86
Antarctic Bottom Water, 43, 115, 116, 182, 223, 251
– nutrients, 116
– oxygen, 116
– salinity, 116
– temperature, 116
Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 250
Antarctic Convergence, 47, 48
Antarctic deep sea, 249–256
– biogeography, 253, 254
– continental shelves, 239, 249
– ‘dead body rain’, 254
– definition, 249, 250
– downwelling, 430
– drop-stones, 252
– echinoderms, 402
– evolutionary history
– – climate change, 255, 256
– foraminifera, 25
– ice
– – influence on salinity, 251
– – isostatic pressure, 249
– – scouring, 249
– oceanography, 250, 251
– organochlorine compounds, 429
– polychaetes, 386
– primary production, 253
– reproductive periodicity, 383
– seasonality, 71
– sediments, 252
– species distribution, 25, 254
Antarctic Intermediate Water, 48, 223, 269
Antarctic Polar Front, 249, 250
– effect on sedimentation, 252
– effects on species distribution, 253
Antarctic shelf ecosystem, 367
Antarctic Surface Water, 73
Antarctica, 2
anthropogenic impact, 427–461
– regulation, 427
– – exemption, 434
– – London Convention, 432–434
– – MARPOL Convention, 432
– – sovereign immunity, 434
anti-fouling paint, 430
antifreeze, 48
Antikythira (Greece), 265
Antikythira Strait (Mediterranean Sea), 266
antipatharians, 27, 138, 210
aplacophorans, 29, 30, 126, 129, 212, 283, 349, 393, 395, 407
Arabian Basin (Indian Ocean), 223
Arabian Sea (Indian Ocean), 219, 220
– bacterial densities, 231
– depth, 223
– eddies, 225
– foraminifera, 232
– low species richness, 230
– macrofauna outside the oxygen minimum zone, 230
– meiofauna, 230
– organic carbon content, 225
– oxygen, 223
– oxygen depletion, 48
– oxygen minimum zones, 68, 227
– river discharge, 224
– sediment community oxygen consumption (SCOC), 232
– sediments, 223
– species distribution, 230
– surface productivity, 44, 48
– upwelling, 67, 222
– vertical flux, 226, 228
Arctic deep sea, 240–249
– biogeography, 247, 249