ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS ON THE DEEP SEA
469
A., Cordoba, D., Cox, C., Diaz Garcia, V.M., Francheteau, J.,
Guerrero, J., Hawkins, J., Haymon, R.M., Hessler, R.R., Juteau, T.,
Kastner, M., Larson, R., Luyendyk, B., Macdougall, J.D., Miller,
S.P., Normark, W., Orcutt, J. and Rangin, C., 1980. East Pacific
Rise: hot springs and geophysical experiments. Science, 207(4438):
1421−1433.
Steimle, F.W., Zdanowicz, V.S. and Gadbois, D.F., 1990. Metals
and organic contaminants in Northwest Atlantic deep-sea tilefish
tissues. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 21: 530−535.
Stenevik, E.K. and Giske, J., 1997. Biological Impact of CO 2 -disposal
in Norwegian Waters: Preliminary Review. Institut for Fiskeri- og
Marinbiologi, Report 2, 29 pp.
S¨ ultenfuß, J., 1998. Das Radionuklid Tritium im Ozean:
Meßverfahren und Verteilung von Tritium im S¨ udatlantik und im
Weddellmeer. Ber. Polarforsch., 256: 1−200.
Swallow, J.C. and Crease, J., 1965. Hot salty water at the bottom of
the Red Sea. Nature London, 205 (4967): 165−166.
Takahashi, S., Tanabe, S. and Kubodera, T., 1997. Butyltin residues
in deep-sea organisms collected from Sugara Bay, Japan. Environ.
Sci. Technol., 31: 3103−3109.
Tamburri, M.N., Peltzer, E.T., Friederich, G.E., Aya, I., Yamane, K.
and Brewer, P.G., 2000. A field study of the effects of CO 2 ocean
disposal on mobile deep-sea animals. Mar. Chem., 72: 95–101.
Tanabe, S. and Tatsukawa, R., 1983. Vertical transport and residence
time of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the open ocean water column.
J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn., 39: 53−62.
Ten Hallers-Tjabbes, C.C., Kemp, J.F. and Boon, J.P., 1994. Imposex
in whelks (Buccinum undatum) from the open North Sea: relation
to shipping traffic intensities. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 28: 311−313.
Thiel, H., 1972. Meiofauna und Struktur der Lebensgemeinschaft des
Iberischen Tiefseebeckens. Meteor Forschungsergeb. Reihe D, 12:
36−51.
Thiel, H., 1979. First quantitative data on Red Sea deep benthos.
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 1: 347−350.
Thiel, H., 1982. Zoobenthos of the CINECA area and other upwelling
regions. Rapp. P. V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 180: 323−343.
Thiel, H., 1987. Benthos of the Deep Red Sea. In: A.J. Edwards and
S.M. Head (Editors), Red Sea Key Environments. Pergamon Press,
Oxford, pp. 112–127.
Thiel, H., 1991. From MESEDA to DISCOL: a new approach to
deep-sea mining risk assessment. Mar. Min., 10: 369−386.
Thiel, H., 1992. Deep-sea environmental disturbance and recovery
potential. Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol., 77: 331−339.
Thiel, H. (Editor), 2001. Environmental impact studies for the mining
of polymetallic nodules from the deep sea. Deep-Sea Res. II, 48:
3427–3882.
Thiel, H., 2002. Science as stakeholder – a proposal for unique
science priority areas. Ocean Challenge, 12: 44–47.
Thiel, H., 2003. Approaches to the establishment of protected
areas on the high seas. In: Proceedings of the International
Conference on Marine Environmental Law, Bremen, 2002. Kluwer
Law International, Netherlands, in press.
Thiel, H. and Foell, E.J., 1993. Environmental risk assessment for
manganese nodule mining and application of the precautionary
principle. In: A. Couper and E. Gold (Editors), The Marine
Environment and Sustainable Development: Law, Policy and
Science. Law of the Sea Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii, pp. 226–
233.
Thiel, H. and Forschungsverbund Tiefsee-Umweltschutz, 1995. The
German environmental impact research for manganese nodule
mining in the SE Pacific Ocean. In: Proceedings of the 1st
Ocean Mining Symposium, Tsukuba, Japan. Cupertino, California,
pp. 38–43.
Thiel, H. and Forschungsverbund Tiefsee-Umweltschutz, 2001.
Evaluation of the environmental consequences of polymetallic
nodule mining based on the results of the TUSCH Research
Association. Deep-Sea Res. II, 48: 3433–3452.
Thiel, H. and Koslow, J.A. (Editors), 2001. Managing risks to
biodiversity and the environment on the high sea, including
tools such as marine protected areas: scientific requirements
and legal aspects. In: Proceedings of the Expert Workshop held
at the International Academy for Nature Conservation, Isle of
Vilm, Germany, 27 February–4 March, 2001. BfN – Skripten, 43:
216 pp.
Thiel, H. and Koslow, T., 1999. Do we need oceanic MPAs? Ocean
Challenge, 9: 14−15.
Thiel, H. and Schriever, G., 1990. Deep-sea mining, environmental
impact and the DISCOL project. Ambio, 19: 245−250.
Thiel, H. and Schriever, G., 1993. Environmental consequences of
deep-sea mining. Int. Challenges, 13: 54−70.
Thiel, H., Weikert, H. and Karbe, L., 1986. Risk assessment for
mining metalliferous muds in the deep Red Sea. Ambio, 15:
34−41.
Thiel, H., Pfannkuche, O., Schriever, G., Lochte, K., Gooday, A.J.,
Hemleben, Ch., Mantoura, R.F.C., Turley, C.M., Patching, J.W.
and Riemann, F., 1988/89. Phytodetritus on the deep-sea floor in a
central oceanic region of the North-east Atlantic. Biol. Oceanogr.,
6: 203−239.
Thiel, H., Foell, E.J. and Schriever, G., 1991. Potential environmental
effects of deep seabed mining. Ber. Zentrum Meeres Klimaforsch.
Univ. Hamburg, 26: 1−243.
Thiel, H., Bluhm, H., Borowski, C., Bussau, C., Gooday, A.J.,
Maybury, C.A. and Schriever, G., 1992. The DISCOL Project
(the impact of mining on deep-sea organisms). Ocean Challenge,
3: 40−46.
Thiel, H., Schriever, G., Bussau, C. and Borowski, C., 1993.
Manganese nodule crevice fauna. Deep-Sea Res. I, 40: 419−423.
Thiel, H., Angel, M.V., Foell, E.J., Rice, A.L. and Schriever, G., 1998.
Environmental Risks from Large-Scale Ecological Research in the
Deep Sea: A Desk Study. Marine Science and Technology Contract
No. MAS2-CT94−0086 (ISBN 92−828−3517−0). European
Commission, Brussels, 210 pp.
Thomsen, L. and van Weering, Tj.C.E., 1998. Spatial and temporal
variability of particulate matter in the benthic boundary layer at
the north east Atlantic continental margin (Goban Spur). Prog.
Oceanogr., 42: 61−76.
Tornes, J.A., Blanch, J.H., Wedervang, T.I., Andersen, A.G. and
Opstad, A.M., 1989. Undersokelse av Skipsvrak inneholdende
Kjemisk Ammunisjon Senket i Norske Farvann eter annen
Verdenskrig. Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt Rapport 89/6007,
Kjeller, Norway.
Trueblood, D.D. and Ozturgut, E., 1997. The benthic impact
experiment: a study of the ecological impacts of deep seabed
mining on abyssal benthic communities. In: Proceeding of the
7th International Offshore Polar and Engineering Conference,
Honolulu. Cupertino, California, pp. 481–487.
Uchida, T., Hondo, T., Mae, S. and Kawabata, J., 1995. Physical data
of CO 2 hydrate. In: N. Handa and T. Ohsumi (Editors), Direct
469
A., Cordoba, D., Cox, C., Diaz Garcia, V.M., Francheteau, J.,
Guerrero, J., Hawkins, J., Haymon, R.M., Hessler, R.R., Juteau, T.,
Kastner, M., Larson, R., Luyendyk, B., Macdougall, J.D., Miller,
S.P., Normark, W., Orcutt, J. and Rangin, C., 1980. East Pacific
Rise: hot springs and geophysical experiments. Science, 207(4438):
1421−1433.
Steimle, F.W., Zdanowicz, V.S. and Gadbois, D.F., 1990. Metals
and organic contaminants in Northwest Atlantic deep-sea tilefish
tissues. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 21: 530−535.
Stenevik, E.K. and Giske, J., 1997. Biological Impact of CO 2 -disposal
in Norwegian Waters: Preliminary Review. Institut for Fiskeri- og
Marinbiologi, Report 2, 29 pp.
S¨ ultenfuß, J., 1998. Das Radionuklid Tritium im Ozean:
Meßverfahren und Verteilung von Tritium im S¨ udatlantik und im
Weddellmeer. Ber. Polarforsch., 256: 1−200.
Swallow, J.C. and Crease, J., 1965. Hot salty water at the bottom of
the Red Sea. Nature London, 205 (4967): 165−166.
Takahashi, S., Tanabe, S. and Kubodera, T., 1997. Butyltin residues
in deep-sea organisms collected from Sugara Bay, Japan. Environ.
Sci. Technol., 31: 3103−3109.
Tamburri, M.N., Peltzer, E.T., Friederich, G.E., Aya, I., Yamane, K.
and Brewer, P.G., 2000. A field study of the effects of CO 2 ocean
disposal on mobile deep-sea animals. Mar. Chem., 72: 95–101.
Tanabe, S. and Tatsukawa, R., 1983. Vertical transport and residence
time of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the open ocean water column.
J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn., 39: 53−62.
Ten Hallers-Tjabbes, C.C., Kemp, J.F. and Boon, J.P., 1994. Imposex
in whelks (Buccinum undatum) from the open North Sea: relation
to shipping traffic intensities. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 28: 311−313.
Thiel, H., 1972. Meiofauna und Struktur der Lebensgemeinschaft des
Iberischen Tiefseebeckens. Meteor Forschungsergeb. Reihe D, 12:
36−51.
Thiel, H., 1979. First quantitative data on Red Sea deep benthos.
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 1: 347−350.
Thiel, H., 1982. Zoobenthos of the CINECA area and other upwelling
regions. Rapp. P. V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 180: 323−343.
Thiel, H., 1987. Benthos of the Deep Red Sea. In: A.J. Edwards and
S.M. Head (Editors), Red Sea Key Environments. Pergamon Press,
Oxford, pp. 112–127.
Thiel, H., 1991. From MESEDA to DISCOL: a new approach to
deep-sea mining risk assessment. Mar. Min., 10: 369−386.
Thiel, H., 1992. Deep-sea environmental disturbance and recovery
potential. Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol., 77: 331−339.
Thiel, H. (Editor), 2001. Environmental impact studies for the mining
of polymetallic nodules from the deep sea. Deep-Sea Res. II, 48:
3427–3882.
Thiel, H., 2002. Science as stakeholder – a proposal for unique
science priority areas. Ocean Challenge, 12: 44–47.
Thiel, H., 2003. Approaches to the establishment of protected
areas on the high seas. In: Proceedings of the International
Conference on Marine Environmental Law, Bremen, 2002. Kluwer
Law International, Netherlands, in press.
Thiel, H. and Foell, E.J., 1993. Environmental risk assessment for
manganese nodule mining and application of the precautionary
principle. In: A. Couper and E. Gold (Editors), The Marine
Environment and Sustainable Development: Law, Policy and
Science. Law of the Sea Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii, pp. 226–
233.
Thiel, H. and Forschungsverbund Tiefsee-Umweltschutz, 1995. The
German environmental impact research for manganese nodule
mining in the SE Pacific Ocean. In: Proceedings of the 1st
Ocean Mining Symposium, Tsukuba, Japan. Cupertino, California,
pp. 38–43.
Thiel, H. and Forschungsverbund Tiefsee-Umweltschutz, 2001.
Evaluation of the environmental consequences of polymetallic
nodule mining based on the results of the TUSCH Research
Association. Deep-Sea Res. II, 48: 3433–3452.
Thiel, H. and Koslow, J.A. (Editors), 2001. Managing risks to
biodiversity and the environment on the high sea, including
tools such as marine protected areas: scientific requirements
and legal aspects. In: Proceedings of the Expert Workshop held
at the International Academy for Nature Conservation, Isle of
Vilm, Germany, 27 February–4 March, 2001. BfN – Skripten, 43:
216 pp.
Thiel, H. and Koslow, T., 1999. Do we need oceanic MPAs? Ocean
Challenge, 9: 14−15.
Thiel, H. and Schriever, G., 1990. Deep-sea mining, environmental
impact and the DISCOL project. Ambio, 19: 245−250.
Thiel, H. and Schriever, G., 1993. Environmental consequences of
deep-sea mining. Int. Challenges, 13: 54−70.
Thiel, H., Weikert, H. and Karbe, L., 1986. Risk assessment for
mining metalliferous muds in the deep Red Sea. Ambio, 15:
34−41.
Thiel, H., Pfannkuche, O., Schriever, G., Lochte, K., Gooday, A.J.,
Hemleben, Ch., Mantoura, R.F.C., Turley, C.M., Patching, J.W.
and Riemann, F., 1988/89. Phytodetritus on the deep-sea floor in a
central oceanic region of the North-east Atlantic. Biol. Oceanogr.,
6: 203−239.
Thiel, H., Foell, E.J. and Schriever, G., 1991. Potential environmental
effects of deep seabed mining. Ber. Zentrum Meeres Klimaforsch.
Univ. Hamburg, 26: 1−243.
Thiel, H., Bluhm, H., Borowski, C., Bussau, C., Gooday, A.J.,
Maybury, C.A. and Schriever, G., 1992. The DISCOL Project
(the impact of mining on deep-sea organisms). Ocean Challenge,
3: 40−46.
Thiel, H., Schriever, G., Bussau, C. and Borowski, C., 1993.
Manganese nodule crevice fauna. Deep-Sea Res. I, 40: 419−423.
Thiel, H., Angel, M.V., Foell, E.J., Rice, A.L. and Schriever, G., 1998.
Environmental Risks from Large-Scale Ecological Research in the
Deep Sea: A Desk Study. Marine Science and Technology Contract
No. MAS2-CT94−0086 (ISBN 92−828−3517−0). European
Commission, Brussels, 210 pp.
Thomsen, L. and van Weering, Tj.C.E., 1998. Spatial and temporal
variability of particulate matter in the benthic boundary layer at
the north east Atlantic continental margin (Goban Spur). Prog.
Oceanogr., 42: 61−76.
Tornes, J.A., Blanch, J.H., Wedervang, T.I., Andersen, A.G. and
Opstad, A.M., 1989. Undersokelse av Skipsvrak inneholdende
Kjemisk Ammunisjon Senket i Norske Farvann eter annen
Verdenskrig. Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt Rapport 89/6007,
Kjeller, Norway.
Trueblood, D.D. and Ozturgut, E., 1997. The benthic impact
experiment: a study of the ecological impacts of deep seabed
mining on abyssal benthic communities. In: Proceeding of the
7th International Offshore Polar and Engineering Conference,
Honolulu. Cupertino, California, pp. 481–487.
Uchida, T., Hondo, T., Mae, S. and Kawabata, J., 1995. Physical data
of CO 2 hydrate. In: N. Handa and T. Ohsumi (Editors), Direct