ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS ON THE DEEP SEA
467
OSPARCOM, 2000a. Quality Status Report 2000. Oslo–Paris
Commission, London, 108 pp.
OSPARCOM, 2000b. Quality Status Report 2000. Region I: Arctic
Waters. Oslo–Paris Commission, London, 102 pp.
OSPARCOM, 2000c. Quality Status Report 2000. Region V: Wider
Arlantic. Oslo–Paris Commission, London, 110 pp.
Oudin, E. and Constantinou, G., 1984. Black smoker chimney
fragments in Cyprus sulphide deposits. Nature London, 308 (5957):
349−353.
Oyama, T. and Ushijima, N., 1990. Japanese R&D program of the
manganese nodule mining system – hydraulic dredging system.
In: Proceedings of the 4th Pacific Congress on Marine Science
Technology (PACON). PACON International, Honolulu, pp. 447–
454.
Ozturgut, E., 1981. Suspended Particulate Measurement Techniques
and Accuracy and Precision of Chemical Analyses Used in the
DOMES Project. Final Report to NOAA by Science Applications,
Inc., Seattle, WA, 12 pp.
Ozturgut, E., Lavelle, J.W., Steffin, O. and Swift, S.A., 1980.
Environmental Investigations During Manganese Nodule Mining
Tests in the North Equatorial Pacific in November 1978. NOAA
Tech. Memo. ERL MESA-48, pp. 1–50.
Ozturgut, E., Lavelle, J.W. and Erickson, B.H., 1981a. Estimated
discharge characteristics of a commercial nodule mining operation.
Mar. Min., 3: 1−17.
Ozturgut, E., Lavelle, J.W. and Burns, R.E., 1981b. Impacts of
manganese nodule mining on the environment: results from pilotscale mining tests in the north equatorial Pacific. In: R.A. Geyer
(Editor), Marine Environmental Pollution. 2. Dumping and Mining.
Elsevier Oceanography Series, Vol. 27B. Elsevier, Amsterdam,
pp. 437–474.
Papucci, C., Charmasson, S.S., Delfanti, R., Gasc´ o, C., Mitchell, P.
and S´ anchez-Cabeza, J.A., 1996. Time evolution and levels of manmade radioactivity in the Mediterranean Sea. In: P. Gu´ egu´ eniat,
P. Germain and H. M´ etivier (Editors), Radionuclides in the Oceans.
Inputs and Inventions. Les Editions de Physique, Lassay-lesChˆ ateaux, pp. 199–217.
Papucci, C., Delfanti, R. and Torricelli, L., 2000. Anthropogenic radionulides as tracers of recent changes in the
eastern Mediterranean circulation: The 137 Cs distribution. In:
E.Th. Balopoulos, G.Th. Chronis, E. Lipiatou and I. Oliounine
(Editors), Oceanography of the Eastern Mediterranean and Black
Sea. Similarities and differences of two interconnected basins.
Research in Enclosed Seas Series 8. European Commission,
Directorate-General for Research, pp. 123–124, abstract.
Patton, G.W., Hinckley, D.A., Walla, M.D., Bidleman, T.F. and
Hargrave, B.T., 1989. Airborne organochlorines in the Canadian
High Arctic. Tellus, 41B: 243−255.
Pearson, T.H. and Rosenberg, R., 1978. Macrobenthic succession
in relation to organic enrichment and pollution of the marine
environment. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 16: 229−311.
Pearson, T.H., Ansell, A.D. and Robb, L., 1986. The benthos of the
deeper sediments of the Firth of Clyde, with particular reference
to organic enrichment. Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh Sect. B, 90:
329−350.
Phillips, D.J.H. and Rainbow, P.S., 1990. Biomonitoring of Trace
Aquatic Contaminants. Elsevier, Barking, UK.
Pimentel, D., Herdendorf, M., Eisenfeld, S., Olander, L., Carroquino,
M., Corson, C., McDade, J., Chung, Y., Cannon, W., Roberts, J.,
Bluman, L. and Gregg, J., 1994. Achieving a secure energy future:
environmental and economic issues. Ecol. Econ., 9: 201−219.
P¨ ortner, H.-O. and Reipschl¨ ager, A., 1996. Ocean disposal of
anthropogenic CO 2 : physiological effects on tolerant and intolerant
animals. In: B. Ormerod and M. Angel (Editors), Ocean Storage
of CO 2 : Workshop 2, Environmental Impact. IEA Greenhouse Gas
R&D Programme, Cheltenham, pp. 57–81.
Probert, P.K., 1984. Disturbance, sediment stability, and trophic
structure of soft-bottom communities. J. Mar. Res., 42: 893−921.
Probert, P.K., McKnight, D.G. and Grove, S.L., 1997. Benthic
invertebrate bycatch from a deep-water trawl fishery, Chatham
Rise, New Zealand. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshwater Ecosyst., 7:
27−40.
Quadfasel, D., Rudels, B. and Kurz, K., 1988. Outflow of dense
water from a Svalbard fjord into the Fram Strait. Deep-Sea Res.,
35: 1143−1150.
Quadfasel, D., Kudrass, H. and Frische, A., 1990. Deep water
renewal by turbidity currents in the Sulu Sea. Nature London,
348: 320−322.
Radziejewska, T., 1997. Immediate responses of benthic meio- and
megafauna to disturbance caused by polymetallic nodule miner
simulator. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on
Environmental Studies of Deep-Sea Mining, Tokyo, Japan. Metal
Mining Agency of Japan, Tokyo, pp. 223–235.
Radziejewska, T., Galtsova, V.V., Drzycimski, I., Kulangieva, L.V.
and Stoyanova, V., 2001a. Changes in genus-level diversity of
meiobenthic free-living nematodes (Nematoda) and harpactocoids
(Copepoda, Harpacticoida) at an abyssal site following
experimental sediment disturbance. In: Proceedings of the Fourth
ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium, Szczecin, Poland. Cupertino,
California, pp. 38–43.
Radziejewska, T., Rolicka-Praxmajer, J. and Stoyanova, V., 2001b.
IOM BIE revisited: Meiobenthos of the IOM BIE site 5 years
after the experimental disturbance. In: Proceedings of the Fourth
ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium, Sczcecin, Poland. Cupertino,
California, pp. 63–68.
Rees, H.L., Rowlatt, S.M., Lambert, M.A., Lees, R.G. and
Limpenny, D.S., 1992. Spatial and temporal trends in the benthos
and sediments in relation to sewage sludge disposal off the
northeast coast of England. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 49: 55−64.
Rhein, M., 1996. Convection in the Greenland Sea, 1982–1993.
J. Geophys. Res., 101: 18 183−18 192.
Rhoads, D.C. and Boyer, L.F., 1982. The effects of marine benthos
on physical properties of sediments: a successional perspective.
In: P.L. McCall and M.S.S. Tevesz (Editors), Animal–Sediment
Relations. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 3–52.
Rice, A.L. and Owen, P., 1998. Decommissioning the Brent Spar.
E. and F.N. Spon, London, 182 pp.
Rice, A.L., Billett, D.S.M., Fry, J., John, A.W.G., Lampitt, R.S.,
Mantoura, R.F.C. and Morris, R.J., 1986. Seasonal deposition of
phytodetritus to the deep-sea floor. Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh Sect. B,
88: 265−279.
Richer de Forges, B., Koslow, J.A. and Poore, G.C.B., 2000. Diversity
and endemism of the benthic seamount fauna in the southwest
Pacific. Nature London, 405: 944−947.
Roels, O.A., 1974. Will nodule mining disturb the marine
environment? Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 8: 17−20.
Roels, O.A., Amos, A.F., Garside, C., Haines, K.C., Malone, T.C.,
Paul, A.Z. and Rice, G.E., 1972. Environmental impact of two
467
OSPARCOM, 2000a. Quality Status Report 2000. Oslo–Paris
Commission, London, 108 pp.
OSPARCOM, 2000b. Quality Status Report 2000. Region I: Arctic
Waters. Oslo–Paris Commission, London, 102 pp.
OSPARCOM, 2000c. Quality Status Report 2000. Region V: Wider
Arlantic. Oslo–Paris Commission, London, 110 pp.
Oudin, E. and Constantinou, G., 1984. Black smoker chimney
fragments in Cyprus sulphide deposits. Nature London, 308 (5957):
349−353.
Oyama, T. and Ushijima, N., 1990. Japanese R&D program of the
manganese nodule mining system – hydraulic dredging system.
In: Proceedings of the 4th Pacific Congress on Marine Science
Technology (PACON). PACON International, Honolulu, pp. 447–
454.
Ozturgut, E., 1981. Suspended Particulate Measurement Techniques
and Accuracy and Precision of Chemical Analyses Used in the
DOMES Project. Final Report to NOAA by Science Applications,
Inc., Seattle, WA, 12 pp.
Ozturgut, E., Lavelle, J.W., Steffin, O. and Swift, S.A., 1980.
Environmental Investigations During Manganese Nodule Mining
Tests in the North Equatorial Pacific in November 1978. NOAA
Tech. Memo. ERL MESA-48, pp. 1–50.
Ozturgut, E., Lavelle, J.W. and Erickson, B.H., 1981a. Estimated
discharge characteristics of a commercial nodule mining operation.
Mar. Min., 3: 1−17.
Ozturgut, E., Lavelle, J.W. and Burns, R.E., 1981b. Impacts of
manganese nodule mining on the environment: results from pilotscale mining tests in the north equatorial Pacific. In: R.A. Geyer
(Editor), Marine Environmental Pollution. 2. Dumping and Mining.
Elsevier Oceanography Series, Vol. 27B. Elsevier, Amsterdam,
pp. 437–474.
Papucci, C., Charmasson, S.S., Delfanti, R., Gasc´ o, C., Mitchell, P.
and S´ anchez-Cabeza, J.A., 1996. Time evolution and levels of manmade radioactivity in the Mediterranean Sea. In: P. Gu´ egu´ eniat,
P. Germain and H. M´ etivier (Editors), Radionuclides in the Oceans.
Inputs and Inventions. Les Editions de Physique, Lassay-lesChˆ ateaux, pp. 199–217.
Papucci, C., Delfanti, R. and Torricelli, L., 2000. Anthropogenic radionulides as tracers of recent changes in the
eastern Mediterranean circulation: The 137 Cs distribution. In:
E.Th. Balopoulos, G.Th. Chronis, E. Lipiatou and I. Oliounine
(Editors), Oceanography of the Eastern Mediterranean and Black
Sea. Similarities and differences of two interconnected basins.
Research in Enclosed Seas Series 8. European Commission,
Directorate-General for Research, pp. 123–124, abstract.
Patton, G.W., Hinckley, D.A., Walla, M.D., Bidleman, T.F. and
Hargrave, B.T., 1989. Airborne organochlorines in the Canadian
High Arctic. Tellus, 41B: 243−255.
Pearson, T.H. and Rosenberg, R., 1978. Macrobenthic succession
in relation to organic enrichment and pollution of the marine
environment. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 16: 229−311.
Pearson, T.H., Ansell, A.D. and Robb, L., 1986. The benthos of the
deeper sediments of the Firth of Clyde, with particular reference
to organic enrichment. Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh Sect. B, 90:
329−350.
Phillips, D.J.H. and Rainbow, P.S., 1990. Biomonitoring of Trace
Aquatic Contaminants. Elsevier, Barking, UK.
Pimentel, D., Herdendorf, M., Eisenfeld, S., Olander, L., Carroquino,
M., Corson, C., McDade, J., Chung, Y., Cannon, W., Roberts, J.,
Bluman, L. and Gregg, J., 1994. Achieving a secure energy future:
environmental and economic issues. Ecol. Econ., 9: 201−219.
P¨ ortner, H.-O. and Reipschl¨ ager, A., 1996. Ocean disposal of
anthropogenic CO 2 : physiological effects on tolerant and intolerant
animals. In: B. Ormerod and M. Angel (Editors), Ocean Storage
of CO 2 : Workshop 2, Environmental Impact. IEA Greenhouse Gas
R&D Programme, Cheltenham, pp. 57–81.
Probert, P.K., 1984. Disturbance, sediment stability, and trophic
structure of soft-bottom communities. J. Mar. Res., 42: 893−921.
Probert, P.K., McKnight, D.G. and Grove, S.L., 1997. Benthic
invertebrate bycatch from a deep-water trawl fishery, Chatham
Rise, New Zealand. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshwater Ecosyst., 7:
27−40.
Quadfasel, D., Rudels, B. and Kurz, K., 1988. Outflow of dense
water from a Svalbard fjord into the Fram Strait. Deep-Sea Res.,
35: 1143−1150.
Quadfasel, D., Kudrass, H. and Frische, A., 1990. Deep water
renewal by turbidity currents in the Sulu Sea. Nature London,
348: 320−322.
Radziejewska, T., 1997. Immediate responses of benthic meio- and
megafauna to disturbance caused by polymetallic nodule miner
simulator. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on
Environmental Studies of Deep-Sea Mining, Tokyo, Japan. Metal
Mining Agency of Japan, Tokyo, pp. 223–235.
Radziejewska, T., Galtsova, V.V., Drzycimski, I., Kulangieva, L.V.
and Stoyanova, V., 2001a. Changes in genus-level diversity of
meiobenthic free-living nematodes (Nematoda) and harpactocoids
(Copepoda, Harpacticoida) at an abyssal site following
experimental sediment disturbance. In: Proceedings of the Fourth
ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium, Szczecin, Poland. Cupertino,
California, pp. 38–43.
Radziejewska, T., Rolicka-Praxmajer, J. and Stoyanova, V., 2001b.
IOM BIE revisited: Meiobenthos of the IOM BIE site 5 years
after the experimental disturbance. In: Proceedings of the Fourth
ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium, Sczcecin, Poland. Cupertino,
California, pp. 63–68.
Rees, H.L., Rowlatt, S.M., Lambert, M.A., Lees, R.G. and
Limpenny, D.S., 1992. Spatial and temporal trends in the benthos
and sediments in relation to sewage sludge disposal off the
northeast coast of England. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 49: 55−64.
Rhein, M., 1996. Convection in the Greenland Sea, 1982–1993.
J. Geophys. Res., 101: 18 183−18 192.
Rhoads, D.C. and Boyer, L.F., 1982. The effects of marine benthos
on physical properties of sediments: a successional perspective.
In: P.L. McCall and M.S.S. Tevesz (Editors), Animal–Sediment
Relations. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 3–52.
Rice, A.L. and Owen, P., 1998. Decommissioning the Brent Spar.
E. and F.N. Spon, London, 182 pp.
Rice, A.L., Billett, D.S.M., Fry, J., John, A.W.G., Lampitt, R.S.,
Mantoura, R.F.C. and Morris, R.J., 1986. Seasonal deposition of
phytodetritus to the deep-sea floor. Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh Sect. B,
88: 265−279.
Richer de Forges, B., Koslow, J.A. and Poore, G.C.B., 2000. Diversity
and endemism of the benthic seamount fauna in the southwest
Pacific. Nature London, 405: 944−947.
Roels, O.A., 1974. Will nodule mining disturb the marine
environment? Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 8: 17−20.
Roels, O.A., Amos, A.F., Garside, C., Haines, K.C., Malone, T.C.,
Paul, A.Z. and Rice, G.E., 1972. Environmental impact of two