ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS ON THE DEEP SEA
465
of the Cherbourg Symposium on Radioactivity and Oceanography.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 271–280.
Kelce, W.R., Stone, C.R., Laws, S.C., Gray, L.E., Kemppainen, J.A.
and Wilson, E.M., 1995. Persistent DDT metabolite p,p -DDE
is a potent androgen receptor antagonist. Nature London, 375:
581−585.
Keller, M., Clark, D.A., Clark, D.B., Weitz, A.M. and Veldkamp, E.,
1996. If a tree falls in the forest ... Science, 273: 201.
Kershaw, P.J. and Baxter, A., 1995. The transfer of reprocessing
wastes from north-west Europe to the Arctic. Deep-Sea Res. II,
42: 1413−1448.
Khodakovsky, I.L., 1994. Radionuclide sources of arctic
contamination. Arct. Res. USA, 8: 262−265.
Kingston, P.F., 1992. Impact of offshore oil production installations
on the benthos of the North Sea. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 49: 45−53.
Knap, A.H., Binkley, S. and Deuser, W.G., 1986. Synthetic organic
chemicals in the deep Sargasso Sea. Nature London, 319:
572−574.
Kobayashi, R., Hirata, E., Shiomi, K., Yamanaka, H. and Kikuchi, T.,
1979. Heavy metal contents in deep-sea fishes. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci.
Fish., 45: 493−497.
K¨ onig, I., Drodt, M., Suess, E. and Trautwein, A.X., 1997. Iron
reduction through the tangreen color transition in deep-sea
sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 61: 1679−1683.
Koslow, J.A. and Gowlett-Holmes, K., 1998. The Seamount Fauna
off Southern Tasmania: Benthic Communities, their Conservation
and Impacts of Trawling. Final Report to Environment Australia
and the Fisheries Research Development Cooperation, 104 pp.
Koslow, J.A., Boehlert, G.W., Gordon, J.D.M., Haedrich, R.L.,
Lorance, P. and Parin, N., 2000. Continental slope and deep-sea
fisheries: implications for a fragile ecosystem. ICES J. Mar. Sci.,
57: 548–557.
Koslow, J.A., Gowlett-Holmes, K., Lowry, J., O’Hara, T.,
Poore, G.C.B. and Williams, A., 2001. The seamount benthic
macrofauna off southern Tasmania: community structure and
impact of trawling. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 213: 111–125.
Kr¨ amer, W., Buchert, H., Reuter, U., Biscoito, M., Maul, D.G., Le
Grand, G. and Ballschmiter, K.H., 1984. Global baseline pollution
studies IX: C 6 –C 14 organochlorine compounds in surface-water
and deep-sea fish from the eastern North Atlantic. Chemosphere,
13: 1255−1267.
Kullenberg, G., 1978. Light scattering observations in the nort-west
African upwelling region. Deep-Sea Res., 25: 525−542.
Kusnetzov, A.P. and Maslennikov, V.V., 2000. Storia gidrotermalnoi
fauni okeana. [History of the Ocean Hydrothermal Fauna].
Izdatelstvo VNIRO, Moscow, 118 pp.
Kusnetzov, A.P., Maslennikov, V.V. and Zaykov, V.V., 1993.
Prigidrotermalnaya fauna siluryiskogo paleookeana Yuzhnogo
Urala. [The near-hydrothermal fauna of the Silurian paleoocean in
the South Ural]. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 4: 525−534. In Russian.
Large, P.A., Lorance, P. and Pope, J.G., 1998. The Survey Estimates
of the Overall Size Composition of the Deepwater Fish Species on
the European Continental Slope, Before and After Exploitation.
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Conference
paper 1998/O: 24.
Lavelle, J.W. and Ozturgut, E., 1981. Dispersion of deep-sea mining
particulates and their effects on light in ocean surface layers. Mar.
Min., 3: 185−212.
Lavelle, J.W., Ozturgut, E., Swift, S.A. and Erickson, B.H., 1981.
Dispersal and resedimentation of the benthic plume from deep-sea
mining operations. Mar. Min., 3: 59−93.
Lipiatou, E., Tolosa, I., Sim´ o, R., Bouloubassi, I., Dachs, J.,
Marti, S., Sicre, M.-A., Bayona, J.M., Grimalt, J.O., Saliot, A.
and Albaig´ es, J., 1997. Mass budget and dynamics of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons in the Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II,
44: 881−905.
Lloyd’s Register, 1990. Lloyd’s Register Casuality Return 1990.
Lloyds Register Shipping, London, 38 pp.
Lloyd’s Register, 1996. Lloyd’s Register of Shipping. World Casuality
Statistics, 1996. Lloyds Register Shipping, London, 48 pp.
Loganathan, B.G. and Kannan, K., 1994. Global organochlorine
contamination trends: an overview. Ambio, 23: 187−191.
London Convention, 1994. Disposal at Sea of Obsolete Ammunition.
Prior Reporting Procedure. Notification by the Government of
South Africa. LC.2/Circ 347, 5 December 1994, 4 pp.
Lonsdale, P.F., 1984. Hot vents and hydrocarbon seeps in the Sea of
Cortez. Oceanus, 27: 21−24.
Lonsdale, P.F., Batiza, R. and Simkin, T., 1982. Metallogenesis at
seamounts on the East Pacific Rise. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 16:
54−61.
MacDonald, K.C., Becker, K., Spiess, F.N. and Ballard, R.D., 1980.
Hydrothermal heat flux of the “black smoker” vents on the East
Pacific Rise. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 48: 1−7.
Magnesen, T. and Wahl, T., 1993. Biological Impact of Deep Sea
Disposal of Carbon Dioxide, Technical Report 77A. The Nansen
Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Norway, 25 pp.
Malahoff, A., 1982. A comparison of the massive submarine
polymetallic sulfides of the Galapagos Rift with some continental
deposits. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 16: 39−45.
Marchal, P., 1984. Pr´ eleveur libre autonome. V´ ehicule exp´ erimental
pour le ramassage des nodules et la reconnaissance des fonds
sous-marins. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Seminar
on Offshore Mineral Resources, Brest, France. Germinal, Orl´ eans,
pp. 597–625.
Mason, R.P. and Fitzgerald, W.F., 1993. The distribution and
biogeochemical cycling of mercury in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
Deep-Sea Res. I, 40: 1897−1924.
Mason, R.P., Fitzgerald, W.F. and Morel, F.M.M., 1994. The
biogeochemical cycling of elementary mercury: anthropogenic
influences. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58: 3191−3198.
Masuda, Y., 1991. Crust mining plans of the Japan Resources
Association. Mar. Min., 10: 95−101.
Masuda, Y., Cruickshank, M.J. and Mero, J.L., 1971. Continuous
bucket-line dredging at 12,000 feet. In: Proceedings of the Offshore
Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, OTC Paper 1410, Vol. 1.
Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, Richardson, TX,
pp. 837–858.
Maybury, C.A., 1996. A crevice fauna of foraminifera from the deep
sea. In: A. Moguilevsky and R. Whatley (Editors), Microfossils and
Oceanic Environments, Proceedings of the “ODP and the Marine
Biosphere” International Conference, Aberystwyth, 19–21 April
1994. University of Wales, Aberystwyth Press, pp. 281–293.
McIntyre, A.D., 1995. Human impact on the oceans: the 1990s and
beyond. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 31: 147−151.
Menzies, R.J., George, R.Y. and Rowe, G.T., 1973. Abyssal
Environment and Ecology of the World Ocean. Wiley, New York,
488 pp.
Merino, J., S´ anchez-Cabeza, J.A., Bruach, J.M., Masqu´ e, P. and Pujol,
465
of the Cherbourg Symposium on Radioactivity and Oceanography.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 271–280.
Kelce, W.R., Stone, C.R., Laws, S.C., Gray, L.E., Kemppainen, J.A.
and Wilson, E.M., 1995. Persistent DDT metabolite p,p -DDE
is a potent androgen receptor antagonist. Nature London, 375:
581−585.
Keller, M., Clark, D.A., Clark, D.B., Weitz, A.M. and Veldkamp, E.,
1996. If a tree falls in the forest ... Science, 273: 201.
Kershaw, P.J. and Baxter, A., 1995. The transfer of reprocessing
wastes from north-west Europe to the Arctic. Deep-Sea Res. II,
42: 1413−1448.
Khodakovsky, I.L., 1994. Radionuclide sources of arctic
contamination. Arct. Res. USA, 8: 262−265.
Kingston, P.F., 1992. Impact of offshore oil production installations
on the benthos of the North Sea. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 49: 45−53.
Knap, A.H., Binkley, S. and Deuser, W.G., 1986. Synthetic organic
chemicals in the deep Sargasso Sea. Nature London, 319:
572−574.
Kobayashi, R., Hirata, E., Shiomi, K., Yamanaka, H. and Kikuchi, T.,
1979. Heavy metal contents in deep-sea fishes. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci.
Fish., 45: 493−497.
K¨ onig, I., Drodt, M., Suess, E. and Trautwein, A.X., 1997. Iron
reduction through the tangreen color transition in deep-sea
sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 61: 1679−1683.
Koslow, J.A. and Gowlett-Holmes, K., 1998. The Seamount Fauna
off Southern Tasmania: Benthic Communities, their Conservation
and Impacts of Trawling. Final Report to Environment Australia
and the Fisheries Research Development Cooperation, 104 pp.
Koslow, J.A., Boehlert, G.W., Gordon, J.D.M., Haedrich, R.L.,
Lorance, P. and Parin, N., 2000. Continental slope and deep-sea
fisheries: implications for a fragile ecosystem. ICES J. Mar. Sci.,
57: 548–557.
Koslow, J.A., Gowlett-Holmes, K., Lowry, J., O’Hara, T.,
Poore, G.C.B. and Williams, A., 2001. The seamount benthic
macrofauna off southern Tasmania: community structure and
impact of trawling. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 213: 111–125.
Kr¨ amer, W., Buchert, H., Reuter, U., Biscoito, M., Maul, D.G., Le
Grand, G. and Ballschmiter, K.H., 1984. Global baseline pollution
studies IX: C 6 –C 14 organochlorine compounds in surface-water
and deep-sea fish from the eastern North Atlantic. Chemosphere,
13: 1255−1267.
Kullenberg, G., 1978. Light scattering observations in the nort-west
African upwelling region. Deep-Sea Res., 25: 525−542.
Kusnetzov, A.P. and Maslennikov, V.V., 2000. Storia gidrotermalnoi
fauni okeana. [History of the Ocean Hydrothermal Fauna].
Izdatelstvo VNIRO, Moscow, 118 pp.
Kusnetzov, A.P., Maslennikov, V.V. and Zaykov, V.V., 1993.
Prigidrotermalnaya fauna siluryiskogo paleookeana Yuzhnogo
Urala. [The near-hydrothermal fauna of the Silurian paleoocean in
the South Ural]. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 4: 525−534. In Russian.
Large, P.A., Lorance, P. and Pope, J.G., 1998. The Survey Estimates
of the Overall Size Composition of the Deepwater Fish Species on
the European Continental Slope, Before and After Exploitation.
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Conference
paper 1998/O: 24.
Lavelle, J.W. and Ozturgut, E., 1981. Dispersion of deep-sea mining
particulates and their effects on light in ocean surface layers. Mar.
Min., 3: 185−212.
Lavelle, J.W., Ozturgut, E., Swift, S.A. and Erickson, B.H., 1981.
Dispersal and resedimentation of the benthic plume from deep-sea
mining operations. Mar. Min., 3: 59−93.
Lipiatou, E., Tolosa, I., Sim´ o, R., Bouloubassi, I., Dachs, J.,
Marti, S., Sicre, M.-A., Bayona, J.M., Grimalt, J.O., Saliot, A.
and Albaig´ es, J., 1997. Mass budget and dynamics of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons in the Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II,
44: 881−905.
Lloyd’s Register, 1990. Lloyd’s Register Casuality Return 1990.
Lloyds Register Shipping, London, 38 pp.
Lloyd’s Register, 1996. Lloyd’s Register of Shipping. World Casuality
Statistics, 1996. Lloyds Register Shipping, London, 48 pp.
Loganathan, B.G. and Kannan, K., 1994. Global organochlorine
contamination trends: an overview. Ambio, 23: 187−191.
London Convention, 1994. Disposal at Sea of Obsolete Ammunition.
Prior Reporting Procedure. Notification by the Government of
South Africa. LC.2/Circ 347, 5 December 1994, 4 pp.
Lonsdale, P.F., 1984. Hot vents and hydrocarbon seeps in the Sea of
Cortez. Oceanus, 27: 21−24.
Lonsdale, P.F., Batiza, R. and Simkin, T., 1982. Metallogenesis at
seamounts on the East Pacific Rise. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 16:
54−61.
MacDonald, K.C., Becker, K., Spiess, F.N. and Ballard, R.D., 1980.
Hydrothermal heat flux of the “black smoker” vents on the East
Pacific Rise. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 48: 1−7.
Magnesen, T. and Wahl, T., 1993. Biological Impact of Deep Sea
Disposal of Carbon Dioxide, Technical Report 77A. The Nansen
Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Norway, 25 pp.
Malahoff, A., 1982. A comparison of the massive submarine
polymetallic sulfides of the Galapagos Rift with some continental
deposits. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 16: 39−45.
Marchal, P., 1984. Pr´ eleveur libre autonome. V´ ehicule exp´ erimental
pour le ramassage des nodules et la reconnaissance des fonds
sous-marins. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Seminar
on Offshore Mineral Resources, Brest, France. Germinal, Orl´ eans,
pp. 597–625.
Mason, R.P. and Fitzgerald, W.F., 1993. The distribution and
biogeochemical cycling of mercury in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
Deep-Sea Res. I, 40: 1897−1924.
Mason, R.P., Fitzgerald, W.F. and Morel, F.M.M., 1994. The
biogeochemical cycling of elementary mercury: anthropogenic
influences. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58: 3191−3198.
Masuda, Y., 1991. Crust mining plans of the Japan Resources
Association. Mar. Min., 10: 95−101.
Masuda, Y., Cruickshank, M.J. and Mero, J.L., 1971. Continuous
bucket-line dredging at 12,000 feet. In: Proceedings of the Offshore
Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, OTC Paper 1410, Vol. 1.
Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, Richardson, TX,
pp. 837–858.
Maybury, C.A., 1996. A crevice fauna of foraminifera from the deep
sea. In: A. Moguilevsky and R. Whatley (Editors), Microfossils and
Oceanic Environments, Proceedings of the “ODP and the Marine
Biosphere” International Conference, Aberystwyth, 19–21 April
1994. University of Wales, Aberystwyth Press, pp. 281–293.
McIntyre, A.D., 1995. Human impact on the oceans: the 1990s and
beyond. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 31: 147−151.
Menzies, R.J., George, R.Y. and Rowe, G.T., 1973. Abyssal
Environment and Ecology of the World Ocean. Wiley, New York,
488 pp.
Merino, J., S´ anchez-Cabeza, J.A., Bruach, J.M., Masqu´ e, P. and Pujol,