REPRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT AND LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS
419
decreases with depth in deep-sea gastropods. Deep-Sea Res., 37:
1251−1261.
Fage, L., 1956. Les pycnogonides du genre Nymphon. Galathea Rep.,
2: 159−165.
Ferrand, J.G., Vadon, C., Doumenc, D. and Guille, A., 1988. The
effect of depth on the reproductive cycle of Brissopsis lyrifera
(Echinoidea, Echinodermata) in the Gulf of Lions, Mediterranean
Sea. Mar. Biol., 99: 387−392.
Fiala-M´ edioni, A. and Le Pennec, M., 1989. Adaptive features of the
bivalve molluscs associated with fluid venting in the subduction
zones off Japan. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 71:
161−167.
Fisher, C.R., MacDonald, I.R., Sassen, R., Young, C.M., Macko, S.A.,
Hourdez, S., Carney, R.S., Yoye, S. and McMullin, E., 2000.
Methane ice worms: Hesiocaeca methanicola colonizing fossil
fuel reserves. Naturwissenschaften, 87: 184−187.
Fisher, R.A., 1930. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection.
Clarendon Press, Oxford, 291 pp.
Fournier, J.A. and Peterson, M.E., 1991. Cossura longocirrata:
redescription and distribution, with notes on reproductive biology
and a comparison of described species of Cossura (Polychaeta:
Cossuridae). Ophelia, Supplement 5: 63−80.
Franzen, A., 1956. On spermiogenesis, morphology of the
spermatozoon, and biology of fertilization among invertebrates.
Zool. Bidrag Uppsala, 31: 355−480.
Franzen, A., Woodwick, K.H. and Sensenbaugh, T., 1985.
Spermiogenesis and ultrastructure of spermatozoa in Saxipendium
coronatum (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta), with consideration of
their relation to reproduction and dispersal. Zoomorphology, 105:
302−307.
Fujiwara, Y., Tsukahara, J., Hashimoto, J. and Fujikura, K., 1998.
In situ spawning of a deep-sea vesicomyid clam: evidence for an
environmental cue. Deep-Sea Res., 45: 1881−1889.
Gage, J.D., 1985. The analysis of population dynamics in deep-sea
benthos. In: P.E. Gibbs (Editor), Proceedings of the Nineteenth
European Marine Biology Symposium. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, pp. 247–260.
Gage, J.D., 1991. Biological rates in the deep sea: a perspective from
studies on processes in the benthic boundary layer. Rev. Aquat.
Sci., 5: 49−100.
Gage, J.D. and Tyler, P.A., 1981. Non-viable seasonal settlement of
larvae of the upper bathyal brittlestar Ophiocten gracilis in the
Rockall Trough. Mar. Biol., 64: 163−174.
Gage, J.D. and Tyler, P.A., 1982a. Reproduction and growth in the
deep-sea brittle star Ophiura ljungmani (Lyman). Oceanol. Acta,
3: 177−185.
Gage, J.D. and Tyler, P.A., 1982b. Growth and reproduction of
the deep-sea brittlestar Ophiomusium lymani Wyville Thomson.
Oceanol. Acta, 5: 73−83.
Gage, J.D. and Tyler, P.A., 1985. Growth and recruitment of the
deep-sea urchin Echinus affinis. Mar. Biol., 90: 41−53.
Gage, J.D. and Tyler, P.A., 1991. Deep-Sea Biology: A Natural History
of Organisms at the Deep-Sea Floor. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 504 pp.
Gage, J.D., Lightfoot, R.H., Pearson, M. and Tyler, P.A., 1980. An
introduction to a sample time-series of abyssal macrobenthos:
methods and principal sources of variability. Oceanol. Acta, 3:
169−176.
Gage, J.D., Tyler, P.A. and Nichols, D., 1986. Reproduction and
growth of Echinus acutus var. norvegicus Duben and Koren and
E. elegans Duben and Koren on the continental slope off Scotland.
J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 101: 61−83.
Gardiner, S.L. and Jones, M.L., 1985. Ultrastructure of
spermiogenesis in the vestimentiferan tube worm Riftia pachyptila
(Pogonophora: Obturata). Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc., 104: 19−44.
Gardiner, S.L. and Jones, M.L., 1993. Vestimentifera. In:
F.W. Harrison and M.E. Rice (Editors), Microscopic Anatomy of
Invertebrates, Vol. 12. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 371–460.
Gardner, W.D. and Sullivan, L.G., 1981. Benthic storms: temporal
variability in a deep-ocean nepheloid layer. Science, 213:
329−331.
Gebruk, A.V., Tyler, P.A. and Billett, D.S.M., 1997. Pelagic juveniles
of the deep-sea elasipodid holothurians: new records and review.
Ophelia, 46: 153−164.
George, R.Y. and Menzies, R.J., 1967. Indication of cyclic
reproductive activity in abyssal organisms. Nature, 215: 878.
George, R.Y. and Menzies, R.J., 1968. Further evidence for seasonal
breeding cycles in deep sea. Nature, 220: 80−81.
Giangrande, A., 1997. Polychaete reproductive patterns, life cycles
and life histories: an overview. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev.,
35: 323−386.
Giese, A.C. and Kanatani, H., 1987. Maturation and spawning. In:
A.C. Giese, J.S. Pearse and V.B. Pearse (Editors), Reproduction
of Marine Invertebrates, Vol. IX, Seeking Unity in Diversity.
Blackwell Press, Palo Alto; and Boxwood Press, Pacific Grove, CA,
pp. 251–331.
Giese, A.C. and Pearse, J.S., 1974. Introduction: general principles.
In: A.C. Giese and J.S. Pearse (Editors), Reproduction of Marine
Invertebrates I. Acoelomate and Pseudocoelomate Metazoans.
Academic Press, New York, pp. 1–49.
Giese, A.C., Pearse, J.S. and Pearse, V.B. (Editors), 1991.
Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates, Vol. VI: Echinodermata.
Boxwood Press, Pacific Grove, CA; and Academic Press, San
Diego.
Gordon, J.D.M. and Duncan, J.A.R., 1985. The ecology of the deepsea benthic and benthopelagic fish on the slopes of the Rockall
Trough, northeast Atlantic Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr., 15: 37−69.
Grassle, J.F., 1977. Slow recolonization of deep-sea sediment. Nature,
265: 618−619.
Grassle, J.F., 1986. The ecology of deep-sea hydrothermal vent
communities. Adv. Mar. Biol., 23: 301−362.
Grassle, J.F. and Morse-Porteous, L.S., 1987. Macrofaunal
colonization of disturbed deep-sea environments and the
structure of deep-sea benthic communities. Deep-Sea Res., 34A:
1911−1950.
Grassle, J.F. and Sanders, H.L., 1973. Life histories and the role of
disturbance. Deep-Sea Res., 23: 643−659.
Green, A., Tyler, P.A., Angel, M.V. and Gage, J.D., 1994.
Gametogenesis in deep and surface-dwelling oceanic stalked
barnacles from the NE Atlantic Ocean. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.,
184: 143−158.
Gustafson, R.G. and Lutz, R.A., 1994. Molluscan life history traits at
deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold methane/sulfide seeps. In:
C.M. Young and K.J. Eckelbarger (Editors), Reproduction, Larval
Biology and Recruitment of the Deep-Sea Benthos. Columbia
University Press, New York, pp. 76–97.
Gustafson, R.G., Littlewood, D.T.J. and Lutz, R.A., 1991. Gastropod
419
decreases with depth in deep-sea gastropods. Deep-Sea Res., 37:
1251−1261.
Fage, L., 1956. Les pycnogonides du genre Nymphon. Galathea Rep.,
2: 159−165.
Ferrand, J.G., Vadon, C., Doumenc, D. and Guille, A., 1988. The
effect of depth on the reproductive cycle of Brissopsis lyrifera
(Echinoidea, Echinodermata) in the Gulf of Lions, Mediterranean
Sea. Mar. Biol., 99: 387−392.
Fiala-M´ edioni, A. and Le Pennec, M., 1989. Adaptive features of the
bivalve molluscs associated with fluid venting in the subduction
zones off Japan. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 71:
161−167.
Fisher, C.R., MacDonald, I.R., Sassen, R., Young, C.M., Macko, S.A.,
Hourdez, S., Carney, R.S., Yoye, S. and McMullin, E., 2000.
Methane ice worms: Hesiocaeca methanicola colonizing fossil
fuel reserves. Naturwissenschaften, 87: 184−187.
Fisher, R.A., 1930. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection.
Clarendon Press, Oxford, 291 pp.
Fournier, J.A. and Peterson, M.E., 1991. Cossura longocirrata:
redescription and distribution, with notes on reproductive biology
and a comparison of described species of Cossura (Polychaeta:
Cossuridae). Ophelia, Supplement 5: 63−80.
Franzen, A., 1956. On spermiogenesis, morphology of the
spermatozoon, and biology of fertilization among invertebrates.
Zool. Bidrag Uppsala, 31: 355−480.
Franzen, A., Woodwick, K.H. and Sensenbaugh, T., 1985.
Spermiogenesis and ultrastructure of spermatozoa in Saxipendium
coronatum (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta), with consideration of
their relation to reproduction and dispersal. Zoomorphology, 105:
302−307.
Fujiwara, Y., Tsukahara, J., Hashimoto, J. and Fujikura, K., 1998.
In situ spawning of a deep-sea vesicomyid clam: evidence for an
environmental cue. Deep-Sea Res., 45: 1881−1889.
Gage, J.D., 1985. The analysis of population dynamics in deep-sea
benthos. In: P.E. Gibbs (Editor), Proceedings of the Nineteenth
European Marine Biology Symposium. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, pp. 247–260.
Gage, J.D., 1991. Biological rates in the deep sea: a perspective from
studies on processes in the benthic boundary layer. Rev. Aquat.
Sci., 5: 49−100.
Gage, J.D. and Tyler, P.A., 1981. Non-viable seasonal settlement of
larvae of the upper bathyal brittlestar Ophiocten gracilis in the
Rockall Trough. Mar. Biol., 64: 163−174.
Gage, J.D. and Tyler, P.A., 1982a. Reproduction and growth in the
deep-sea brittle star Ophiura ljungmani (Lyman). Oceanol. Acta,
3: 177−185.
Gage, J.D. and Tyler, P.A., 1982b. Growth and reproduction of
the deep-sea brittlestar Ophiomusium lymani Wyville Thomson.
Oceanol. Acta, 5: 73−83.
Gage, J.D. and Tyler, P.A., 1985. Growth and recruitment of the
deep-sea urchin Echinus affinis. Mar. Biol., 90: 41−53.
Gage, J.D. and Tyler, P.A., 1991. Deep-Sea Biology: A Natural History
of Organisms at the Deep-Sea Floor. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 504 pp.
Gage, J.D., Lightfoot, R.H., Pearson, M. and Tyler, P.A., 1980. An
introduction to a sample time-series of abyssal macrobenthos:
methods and principal sources of variability. Oceanol. Acta, 3:
169−176.
Gage, J.D., Tyler, P.A. and Nichols, D., 1986. Reproduction and
growth of Echinus acutus var. norvegicus Duben and Koren and
E. elegans Duben and Koren on the continental slope off Scotland.
J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 101: 61−83.
Gardiner, S.L. and Jones, M.L., 1985. Ultrastructure of
spermiogenesis in the vestimentiferan tube worm Riftia pachyptila
(Pogonophora: Obturata). Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc., 104: 19−44.
Gardiner, S.L. and Jones, M.L., 1993. Vestimentifera. In:
F.W. Harrison and M.E. Rice (Editors), Microscopic Anatomy of
Invertebrates, Vol. 12. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 371–460.
Gardner, W.D. and Sullivan, L.G., 1981. Benthic storms: temporal
variability in a deep-ocean nepheloid layer. Science, 213:
329−331.
Gebruk, A.V., Tyler, P.A. and Billett, D.S.M., 1997. Pelagic juveniles
of the deep-sea elasipodid holothurians: new records and review.
Ophelia, 46: 153−164.
George, R.Y. and Menzies, R.J., 1967. Indication of cyclic
reproductive activity in abyssal organisms. Nature, 215: 878.
George, R.Y. and Menzies, R.J., 1968. Further evidence for seasonal
breeding cycles in deep sea. Nature, 220: 80−81.
Giangrande, A., 1997. Polychaete reproductive patterns, life cycles
and life histories: an overview. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev.,
35: 323−386.
Giese, A.C. and Kanatani, H., 1987. Maturation and spawning. In:
A.C. Giese, J.S. Pearse and V.B. Pearse (Editors), Reproduction
of Marine Invertebrates, Vol. IX, Seeking Unity in Diversity.
Blackwell Press, Palo Alto; and Boxwood Press, Pacific Grove, CA,
pp. 251–331.
Giese, A.C. and Pearse, J.S., 1974. Introduction: general principles.
In: A.C. Giese and J.S. Pearse (Editors), Reproduction of Marine
Invertebrates I. Acoelomate and Pseudocoelomate Metazoans.
Academic Press, New York, pp. 1–49.
Giese, A.C., Pearse, J.S. and Pearse, V.B. (Editors), 1991.
Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates, Vol. VI: Echinodermata.
Boxwood Press, Pacific Grove, CA; and Academic Press, San
Diego.
Gordon, J.D.M. and Duncan, J.A.R., 1985. The ecology of the deepsea benthic and benthopelagic fish on the slopes of the Rockall
Trough, northeast Atlantic Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr., 15: 37−69.
Grassle, J.F., 1977. Slow recolonization of deep-sea sediment. Nature,
265: 618−619.
Grassle, J.F., 1986. The ecology of deep-sea hydrothermal vent
communities. Adv. Mar. Biol., 23: 301−362.
Grassle, J.F. and Morse-Porteous, L.S., 1987. Macrofaunal
colonization of disturbed deep-sea environments and the
structure of deep-sea benthic communities. Deep-Sea Res., 34A:
1911−1950.
Grassle, J.F. and Sanders, H.L., 1973. Life histories and the role of
disturbance. Deep-Sea Res., 23: 643−659.
Green, A., Tyler, P.A., Angel, M.V. and Gage, J.D., 1994.
Gametogenesis in deep and surface-dwelling oceanic stalked
barnacles from the NE Atlantic Ocean. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.,
184: 143−158.
Gustafson, R.G. and Lutz, R.A., 1994. Molluscan life history traits at
deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold methane/sulfide seeps. In:
C.M. Young and K.J. Eckelbarger (Editors), Reproduction, Larval
Biology and Recruitment of the Deep-Sea Benthos. Columbia
University Press, New York, pp. 76–97.
Gustafson, R.G., Littlewood, D.T.J. and Lutz, R.A., 1991. Gastropod