266
Paul A. TYLER
Table 9.2
Data for vertical flux in peripheral seas or (in its absence) data for surface production 1
Peripheral sea/region
Depth of
trap (m)
Mass flux
(mg m −2 d −1 )
Organic carbon flux
(mg C m −2 d −1 )
Surface production
(g C m −2 d −1 )
Reference
Mediterranean
Golfe du Lion
600
30 to 20 000
100 (mean)
200 (maximum)
Monaco et al. (1990a,b)
645
92.7
Buscail et al. (1990)
Off Calvi, Corsica
200
6000
26.4 to 93.7
121 to 155
Fowler et al. (1991)
Capo Cavallo
200
8 to 335
8 to 15% of mass
flux
Buat-M´ enard et al. (1989)
Rhˆ one margin
600
3410 (spring
maximum)
27 (mean)
Monaco et al. (1999)
Catalan Sea
10 to 50 000
Danovaro et al. (1999)
Cretan Sea
1515
50 to 210
3.15 (mean)
Danovaro et al. (1999)
Antikythira Strait
Aegean
965
203 (39–361)
Kerherv´ e et al. (1999)
Ionian
880
96 (11–183)
Ionian
1345
299 (209–390)
Caribbean Sea
Southeast
0.5
Richardson and Young (1987)
Northwest
0.15–0.25
Central
0.1–0.15
Gulf of Mexico
>0.06 to >0.18
M¨ uller-Karger et al. (1991)
Indonesian seas
Banda, Flores, Seram,
Sulawesi, Makassar
1.2 (all year)
0.5 (NW Monsoon)
1.15 (SE Monsoon)
Kinkade et al. (1997)
Sea of Japan
Central
0.21 (winter)
0.08 (summer)
Terazaki (1999)
0.25 to 0.5
Nishimura (1983)
Sea of Okhotsk
Southeast
0.25 to 0.5
Nishimura (1983)
1 No data on the Red Sea.
1 to 1273 mg m
−2 d
−1 (from a surface production of
19 to 60 mg C m
−2 d
−1 – half that in the western
Mediterraean) (Danovaro et al., 1999; Kerherv´ e et al.,
1999). Lowest fluxes were in the summer and autumn
when stratification in the water column was at its
deepest. The generally low values recorded emphasized
the highly oligotrophic nature of this area (Kerherv´ e
et al., 1999).
The flux of material to deep water in the whole
Mediterranean is compounded by the high deepwater temperatures, which accelerate biodegradation
of sinking organic particles. In addition, the primary
production in the Mediterranean is dominated by
picoplankton (0.2–2 mm).
The Red Sea
Morphology
The Red Sea forms the newest of the deep seas,
although, in geological terms, an ocean (Braithwaite,
1987). The Sea is a rift valley orientated NE–SW,
~2000 km long but only 270 km wide; but it has
a maximum depth of >2720 m in the 30-km-wide
central graben (Fig. 9.3a). The northern end is blind,
Paul A. TYLER
Table 9.2
Data for vertical flux in peripheral seas or (in its absence) data for surface production 1
Peripheral sea/region
Depth of
trap (m)
Mass flux
(mg m −2 d −1 )
Organic carbon flux
(mg C m −2 d −1 )
Surface production
(g C m −2 d −1 )
Reference
Mediterranean
Golfe du Lion
600
30 to 20 000
100 (mean)
200 (maximum)
Monaco et al. (1990a,b)
645
92.7
Buscail et al. (1990)
Off Calvi, Corsica
200
6000
26.4 to 93.7
121 to 155
Fowler et al. (1991)
Capo Cavallo
200
8 to 335
8 to 15% of mass
flux
Buat-M´ enard et al. (1989)
Rhˆ one margin
600
3410 (spring
maximum)
27 (mean)
Monaco et al. (1999)
Catalan Sea
10 to 50 000
Danovaro et al. (1999)
Cretan Sea
1515
50 to 210
3.15 (mean)
Danovaro et al. (1999)
Antikythira Strait
Aegean
965
203 (39–361)
Kerherv´ e et al. (1999)
Ionian
880
96 (11–183)
Ionian
1345
299 (209–390)
Caribbean Sea
Southeast
0.5
Richardson and Young (1987)
Northwest
0.15–0.25
Central
0.1–0.15
Gulf of Mexico
>0.06 to >0.18
M¨ uller-Karger et al. (1991)
Indonesian seas
Banda, Flores, Seram,
Sulawesi, Makassar
1.2 (all year)
0.5 (NW Monsoon)
1.15 (SE Monsoon)
Kinkade et al. (1997)
Sea of Japan
Central
0.21 (winter)
0.08 (summer)
Terazaki (1999)
0.25 to 0.5
Nishimura (1983)
Sea of Okhotsk
Southeast
0.25 to 0.5
Nishimura (1983)
1 No data on the Red Sea.
1 to 1273 mg m
−2 d
−1 (from a surface production of
19 to 60 mg C m
−2 d
−1 – half that in the western
Mediterraean) (Danovaro et al., 1999; Kerherv´ e et al.,
1999). Lowest fluxes were in the summer and autumn
when stratification in the water column was at its
deepest. The generally low values recorded emphasized
the highly oligotrophic nature of this area (Kerherv´ e
et al., 1999).
The flux of material to deep water in the whole
Mediterranean is compounded by the high deepwater temperatures, which accelerate biodegradation
of sinking organic particles. In addition, the primary
production in the Mediterranean is dominated by
picoplankton (0.2–2 mm).
The Red Sea
Morphology
The Red Sea forms the newest of the deep seas,
although, in geological terms, an ocean (Braithwaite,
1987). The Sea is a rift valley orientated NE–SW,
~2000 km long but only 270 km wide; but it has
a maximum depth of >2720 m in the 30-km-wide
central graben (Fig. 9.3a). The northern end is blind,