THE DEEP ATLANTIC OCEAN
177
Tomczak (Editors), Upwelling Ecosystems. Springer, Berlin, pp.
124–138.
Thiel, H., 1979. Structural aspects of the deep-sea benthos. Ambio
Spec. Rep., 6: 25−31.
Thiel, H., 1982. Zoobenthos of the CINECA area and other upwelling
regions. Rapport et proc` es-verbaux des r´ eunions. Cons. Int. Explor.
Mer, 180: 323−334.
Thiel, H., 1983. Meiobenthos and nanobenthos of the deep sea. In:
G.T. Rowe (Editor), Deep-Sea Biology. Wiley, New York, pp. 167–
230.
Thiel, H., Pfannkuche, O., Schriever, G., Lochte, K., Gooday, A.J.,
Hemleben, Ch., Mantoura, R.F.C., Turley, C.M., Patching, J.W.
and Riemann, F., 1988/89. Phytodetritus on the deep-sea floor in a
central oceanic region of the northeast Atlantic. Biol. Oceanogr.,
6: 203−239.
Thies, A., 1991. Die Benthos-Foraminiferen im Europ¨ aischen
Nordmeer. Ber. Sonderforschungsbereich 313, 31: 1−97.
Thistle, D., 1988. A temporal difference in harpacticoid-copepod
abundance at a deep-sea site: caused by benthic storms? Deep-Sea
Res., 32A: 1015−1020.
Thistle, D. and Sherman, K.M., 1985. The nematode fauna of a deepsea site exposed to strong near-bottom currents. Deep-Sea Res.,
32: 1077−1088.
Thistle, D. and Wilson, G.D.F., 1987. A hydrodynamically modified,
abyssal isopod fauna. Deep-Sea Res., 34: 73−87.
Thistle, D. and Wilson, G.D.F., 1996. Is the HEBBLE isopod fauna
hydrodynamically modified – a second test. Deep-Sea Res., 43:
545−554.
Thistle, D., Yingst, J.Y. and Fauchald, K., 1985. A deep-sea benthic
community exposed to strong bottom currents on the Scotian Rise
(Western Atlantic). Mar. Geol., 66: 91−112.
Thistle, D., Ertman, S.C. and Fauchald, K., 1991. The fauna of the
HEBBLE site: patterns in standing stock and sediment-dynamic
effects. Mar. Geol., 99: 413−422.
Thomson, J., Colley, S., Anderson, R.F., Cook, G.T. and MacKenzie,
A.B., 1993. 210Pb in the sediments and water column of the
Northeast Atlantic from 47ºN to 59ºN along 20ºW. Earth Planet.
Sci. Lett., 115: 75−87.
Thunell, R.C., Tappa, E., Varela, R., Llano, M., Astor, Y., M¨ ullerKarger, F.E. and Bohrer, R., 1999. Increased marine sediment
suspension and fluxes following an earthquake. Nature, 398:
233−236.
Thurston, M.H., 1979. Scavenging abyssal amphipods from the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biol., 51: 55−68.
Thurston, M.H., 1990. Abyssal necrophagous amphipods (Crustacea:
Amphipoda) in the northeast and tropical Atlantic. Prog.
Oceanogr., 24: 257−274.
Thurston, M.H., Bett, B.J., Rice, A.L. and Jackson, P.A.B., 1994.
Variations in the invertebrate abyssal megafauna in the North
Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 41: 1321−1348.
Tietjen, J.H., 1989. Ecology of deep-sea nematodes from the Puerto
Rico Trench area and Hatteras Abyssal Plain. Deep-Sea Res., 36:
1579−1594.
Tietjen, J.H., 1992. Abundance and biomass of metazoan meiobenthos
in the deep sea. In: G.T. Rowe and V. Pariente (Editors), Deep-Sea
Food Chains and the Global Carbon Cycle. Kluwer Academic,
Dordrecht, pp. 45–62.
Tietjen, J.H., Deming, J.W., Rowe, G.T., Macko, S.A. and Wilke, R.J.,
1989. Meiobenthos of the Hatteras Abyssal Plain and Puerto Rico
Trench: abundance, biomass and associations with bacteria and
particulate fluxes. Deep-Sea Res., 36A: 1567−1577.
Tomczak, M. and Godfrey, J.S., 1994. Regional Oceanography: An
Introduction. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 422 pp.
Tudhope, A.W. and Scoffin, T.P., 1995. Processes of sedimentation
in Gollum Channel, Porcupine Seabight: submersible observations
and sediment analyses. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh, 86: 49−55.
Turekian, K.K., Cochran, D.P., Kharkar, D.P., Cerrato, R.M., Vaisnys,
J.R., Sanders, H.L., Grassle, J.F. and Allen, J.A., 1975. Slow growth
rate of deep-sea clam determined by 228 Ra chronology. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA., 180: 2829−2832.
Turley, C.M., 2000. Bacteria in cold deep-sea benthic boundary layer
and sediment–water interface of the NE Atlantic. FEMS Microbiol.,
33: 89–99.
Turley, C.M. and Dixon, J.L., 2002. Bacterial numbers and growth in
surficial deep-sea sediments and phytodetritus in the NE Atlantic:
relationships with particulate organic carbon and total nitrogen.
Deep-Sea Res. I, 49: 815–826.
Turley, C.M. and Lochte, K., 1990. Microbial response to the input
of fresh detritus to the deep-sea bed. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol.
Palaeoecol., 89: 3−23.
Turley, C.M., Lochte, K. and Patterson, D.J., 1988. A barophilic
flagellate isolated from 4500 m in the mid-North Atlantic. DeepSea Res., 35: 1079−1092.
Turley, C.M., Lochte, K. and Lampitt, R.S., 1995. Transformation of
biogenic particles during sedimentation in the northeast Atlantic.
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 348A: 179−189.
Tyler, P.A., 1986. Studies of a benthic time series: reproductive
biology of benthic invertebrates in the Rockall Trough. Proc. R.
Soc. Edinburgh, 88B: 175−190.
Tyler, P.A., 1988. Seasonality in the deep sea. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol.
Annu. Rev., 26: 227−258.
Tyler, P.A., 1995. Conditions for the existence of life at the deep-sea
floor: an update. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 33: 221−244.
Tyler, P.A. and Gage, J.D., 1984. Seasonal reproduction of Echinus
affinis (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in the Rockall Trough, N.E.
Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 31: 387−402.
Tyler, P.A. and Zibrowius, H., 1992. Submersible observations of the
invertebrate fauna on the continental slope southwest of Ireland
(NE Atlantic Ocean). Oceanol. Acta, 15: 211−226.
Udintsev, G.B. (Editor), 1990. International Geological-Geophysical
Atlas of the Atlantic Ocean. International Oceanographic
Commission (of UNESCO), Ministry of Geology of the USSR,
and Academy of Sciences of the USSR., Moscow, 158 pp.
Valentine, P.C., Uzmann, J.R. and Cooper, R.A., 1980. Geology
and biology of oceanographer submarine canyon. Mar. Geol., 38:
283−312.
Van-Pra¨ et, M., 1990. Gametogenesis and the reproductive cycle
in the deep-sea anemone Paracalliactis stephensoni (Cnidaria:
Actiniaria). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 70: 163−172.
van Weering, Tj.C.E. and de Rijk, S., 1991. Sedimentation and
climate-induced sediments on Feni Ridge, northeast Atlantic
Ocean. Mar. Geol., 8: 631−650.
van Weering, Tj.C.E., McCave, I.N. and Hall, I.R. (Editors), 1998.
Ocean Margin Exchange (OMEX I) benthic processes study. Prog.
Oceanogr., 42(1−4): 257 pp.
Vanreusel, A., Vincx, M., Bett, B.J. and Rice, A.L., 1995a. Nematode
biomass size spectra at two abyssal sites in the NE Atlantic
177
Tomczak (Editors), Upwelling Ecosystems. Springer, Berlin, pp.
124–138.
Thiel, H., 1979. Structural aspects of the deep-sea benthos. Ambio
Spec. Rep., 6: 25−31.
Thiel, H., 1982. Zoobenthos of the CINECA area and other upwelling
regions. Rapport et proc` es-verbaux des r´ eunions. Cons. Int. Explor.
Mer, 180: 323−334.
Thiel, H., 1983. Meiobenthos and nanobenthos of the deep sea. In:
G.T. Rowe (Editor), Deep-Sea Biology. Wiley, New York, pp. 167–
230.
Thiel, H., Pfannkuche, O., Schriever, G., Lochte, K., Gooday, A.J.,
Hemleben, Ch., Mantoura, R.F.C., Turley, C.M., Patching, J.W.
and Riemann, F., 1988/89. Phytodetritus on the deep-sea floor in a
central oceanic region of the northeast Atlantic. Biol. Oceanogr.,
6: 203−239.
Thies, A., 1991. Die Benthos-Foraminiferen im Europ¨ aischen
Nordmeer. Ber. Sonderforschungsbereich 313, 31: 1−97.
Thistle, D., 1988. A temporal difference in harpacticoid-copepod
abundance at a deep-sea site: caused by benthic storms? Deep-Sea
Res., 32A: 1015−1020.
Thistle, D. and Sherman, K.M., 1985. The nematode fauna of a deepsea site exposed to strong near-bottom currents. Deep-Sea Res.,
32: 1077−1088.
Thistle, D. and Wilson, G.D.F., 1987. A hydrodynamically modified,
abyssal isopod fauna. Deep-Sea Res., 34: 73−87.
Thistle, D. and Wilson, G.D.F., 1996. Is the HEBBLE isopod fauna
hydrodynamically modified – a second test. Deep-Sea Res., 43:
545−554.
Thistle, D., Yingst, J.Y. and Fauchald, K., 1985. A deep-sea benthic
community exposed to strong bottom currents on the Scotian Rise
(Western Atlantic). Mar. Geol., 66: 91−112.
Thistle, D., Ertman, S.C. and Fauchald, K., 1991. The fauna of the
HEBBLE site: patterns in standing stock and sediment-dynamic
effects. Mar. Geol., 99: 413−422.
Thomson, J., Colley, S., Anderson, R.F., Cook, G.T. and MacKenzie,
A.B., 1993. 210Pb in the sediments and water column of the
Northeast Atlantic from 47ºN to 59ºN along 20ºW. Earth Planet.
Sci. Lett., 115: 75−87.
Thunell, R.C., Tappa, E., Varela, R., Llano, M., Astor, Y., M¨ ullerKarger, F.E. and Bohrer, R., 1999. Increased marine sediment
suspension and fluxes following an earthquake. Nature, 398:
233−236.
Thurston, M.H., 1979. Scavenging abyssal amphipods from the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biol., 51: 55−68.
Thurston, M.H., 1990. Abyssal necrophagous amphipods (Crustacea:
Amphipoda) in the northeast and tropical Atlantic. Prog.
Oceanogr., 24: 257−274.
Thurston, M.H., Bett, B.J., Rice, A.L. and Jackson, P.A.B., 1994.
Variations in the invertebrate abyssal megafauna in the North
Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 41: 1321−1348.
Tietjen, J.H., 1989. Ecology of deep-sea nematodes from the Puerto
Rico Trench area and Hatteras Abyssal Plain. Deep-Sea Res., 36:
1579−1594.
Tietjen, J.H., 1992. Abundance and biomass of metazoan meiobenthos
in the deep sea. In: G.T. Rowe and V. Pariente (Editors), Deep-Sea
Food Chains and the Global Carbon Cycle. Kluwer Academic,
Dordrecht, pp. 45–62.
Tietjen, J.H., Deming, J.W., Rowe, G.T., Macko, S.A. and Wilke, R.J.,
1989. Meiobenthos of the Hatteras Abyssal Plain and Puerto Rico
Trench: abundance, biomass and associations with bacteria and
particulate fluxes. Deep-Sea Res., 36A: 1567−1577.
Tomczak, M. and Godfrey, J.S., 1994. Regional Oceanography: An
Introduction. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 422 pp.
Tudhope, A.W. and Scoffin, T.P., 1995. Processes of sedimentation
in Gollum Channel, Porcupine Seabight: submersible observations
and sediment analyses. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh, 86: 49−55.
Turekian, K.K., Cochran, D.P., Kharkar, D.P., Cerrato, R.M., Vaisnys,
J.R., Sanders, H.L., Grassle, J.F. and Allen, J.A., 1975. Slow growth
rate of deep-sea clam determined by 228 Ra chronology. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA., 180: 2829−2832.
Turley, C.M., 2000. Bacteria in cold deep-sea benthic boundary layer
and sediment–water interface of the NE Atlantic. FEMS Microbiol.,
33: 89–99.
Turley, C.M. and Dixon, J.L., 2002. Bacterial numbers and growth in
surficial deep-sea sediments and phytodetritus in the NE Atlantic:
relationships with particulate organic carbon and total nitrogen.
Deep-Sea Res. I, 49: 815–826.
Turley, C.M. and Lochte, K., 1990. Microbial response to the input
of fresh detritus to the deep-sea bed. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol.
Palaeoecol., 89: 3−23.
Turley, C.M., Lochte, K. and Patterson, D.J., 1988. A barophilic
flagellate isolated from 4500 m in the mid-North Atlantic. DeepSea Res., 35: 1079−1092.
Turley, C.M., Lochte, K. and Lampitt, R.S., 1995. Transformation of
biogenic particles during sedimentation in the northeast Atlantic.
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 348A: 179−189.
Tyler, P.A., 1986. Studies of a benthic time series: reproductive
biology of benthic invertebrates in the Rockall Trough. Proc. R.
Soc. Edinburgh, 88B: 175−190.
Tyler, P.A., 1988. Seasonality in the deep sea. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol.
Annu. Rev., 26: 227−258.
Tyler, P.A., 1995. Conditions for the existence of life at the deep-sea
floor: an update. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 33: 221−244.
Tyler, P.A. and Gage, J.D., 1984. Seasonal reproduction of Echinus
affinis (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in the Rockall Trough, N.E.
Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 31: 387−402.
Tyler, P.A. and Zibrowius, H., 1992. Submersible observations of the
invertebrate fauna on the continental slope southwest of Ireland
(NE Atlantic Ocean). Oceanol. Acta, 15: 211−226.
Udintsev, G.B. (Editor), 1990. International Geological-Geophysical
Atlas of the Atlantic Ocean. International Oceanographic
Commission (of UNESCO), Ministry of Geology of the USSR,
and Academy of Sciences of the USSR., Moscow, 158 pp.
Valentine, P.C., Uzmann, J.R. and Cooper, R.A., 1980. Geology
and biology of oceanographer submarine canyon. Mar. Geol., 38:
283−312.
Van-Pra¨ et, M., 1990. Gametogenesis and the reproductive cycle
in the deep-sea anemone Paracalliactis stephensoni (Cnidaria:
Actiniaria). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 70: 163−172.
van Weering, Tj.C.E. and de Rijk, S., 1991. Sedimentation and
climate-induced sediments on Feni Ridge, northeast Atlantic
Ocean. Mar. Geol., 8: 631−650.
van Weering, Tj.C.E., McCave, I.N. and Hall, I.R. (Editors), 1998.
Ocean Margin Exchange (OMEX I) benthic processes study. Prog.
Oceanogr., 42(1−4): 257 pp.
Vanreusel, A., Vincx, M., Bett, B.J. and Rice, A.L., 1995a. Nematode
biomass size spectra at two abyssal sites in the NE Atlantic