104
Verena TUNNICLIFFE et al.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Funding agencies, ship/submersible operations, and
many collaborators have allowed the authors firsthand acquaintance with many of the areas discussed.
We thank the many students and assistants in our
labs and K. Olu and D. Desbruy` eres at Ifremer, who
provide so many intellectual challenges. In particular,
we thank M. Tsurumi for commentary and L. Franklin
for production assistance.
REFERENCES
Aharon, P., 1994. Geology and biology of modern and ancient
submarine hydrocarbon seeps and vents: an introduction. GeoMar. Lett., 14: 69−73.
Aharon, P., Schwarcz, H.P. and Roberts, H.H., 1997. Radiometric
dating of submarine hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico.
Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 109: 568−579.
Alt, J.C., 1995. Subseafloor processes in mid-ocean ridge
hydrothermal systems. In: S.E. Humphris, R.A. Zierenberg,
L.S. Mullineaux and R.E. Thomson (Editors), Seafloor
Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological and
Geological Interactions. Geophys. Monogr. Am. Geophys. Union,
91: 85–114.
Anderson, A.E., 1995. Metabolic responses to sulfur in lucinid
bivalve. Am. Zool., 35: 121−131.
Arquit, A.M., 1990. Geological and hydrothermal controls on the
distribution of megafauna in ASHES vent field, Juan de Fuca
Ridge. J. Geophys. Res., 95: 12 947−12 960.
Auzende, J.-M., Ballu, V., Batiza, R., Bideau, D., Charlou, J.-L.,
Cormier, M.-H., Fouquet, Y., Geistdoerfer, P., Lagabrielle, Y.,
Sinton, J. and Spadea, P., 1996. Recent tectonic, magmatic,
and hydrothermal activity on the East Pacific Rise between
17ºS and 19ºS: submersible observations. J. Geophys. Res., 101:
17 995−18 010.
Bacesco, M., 1963. Contribution a la biocoenologie de la Mer Noire
l’´ etage p´ eriazoique et le faci´ es dreissenif` ere leur caract´ eristiques.
Rapports et Proc` es-Verbaux des R´ eunions. Cons. Perm. Int. Explor.
Mer, 17: 107−122.
Baco, A.R., Smith, C.R., Peek, A.S., Roderick, G.K. and
Vrijenhoek, R.C., 1999. The phylogenetic relationships of whalefall vesicomyid clams based on mitochondrial COI DNA
sequences. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 182: 137−147.
Baker, E.T., German, C.R. and Elderfield, H., 1995. Hydrothermal
plumes over spreading-center axes: global distributions and
geological inferences. In: S.E. Humphris, R.A. Zierenberg,
L.S. Mullineaux and R.E. Thomson (Editors), Seafloor
Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological and
Geological Interactions. Geophys. Monogr. Am. Geophys. Union,
91: 47–71.
Baross, J.A. and Deming, J.W., 1983. Growth of ‘black smoker’
bacteria at temperatures of at least 250ºC. Nature, 303: 423−426.
Baross, J.A. and Deming, J.W., 1995. Growth at high temperatures:
isolation and taxonomy, physiology and ecology. In: D.M. Karl
(Editor), The Microbiology of Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vents. CRC
Press, New York, pp. 169–189.
Barry, J.P., Greene, H.G., Orange, D.L., Baxter, C.H., Robison, B.H.,
Kochevar, R.E., Nybakken, J.W., Reed, D.L. and McHugh, C.M.,
1996. Biologic and geologic characteristics of cold seeps in
Monterey Bay, California. Deep-Sea Res., 43: 1739−1762.
Barry, J.P., Kochevar, R.E. and Baxter, C.H., 1997. The influence
of pore-water chemistry and physiology in the distribution of
vesicomyid clams at cold seeps in Monterey Bay: implications
for patterns of chemosynthetic community organization. Limnol.
Oceanogr., 42: 318−328.
Batiza, R., 1995. Magmatic segmentation of mid-ocean ridges: a
review. In: C.J. MacLeod, P. Tyler and C.L. Walker (Editors),
Tectonic, Magmatic, Hydrothermal and Biological Segmentation
of Mid-Ocean Ridges. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 118: 103−129.
Ben-Mlih, F., Marty, J.-C. and Fiala-M´ edioni, A., 1992. Fatty acid
composition in deep hydrothermal vent symbiotic bivalves. J. Lipid
Res., 33: 1797−1806.
Bennett, B.A., Smith, C.R., Glaser, B. and Maybaum, H.L., 1994.
Faunal community structure of a chemoautotrophic assemblage on
whale bones in the deep northeast Pacific Ocean. Mar. Ecol. Prog.
Ser., 108: 205−223.
Bergquist, D.C., Williams, F.M. and Fisher, C.R., 2000. Longevity
record for deep-sea invertebrate. Nature, 403: 499−500.
Biscoito, M., Cary, S.C., Dixon, D.R. and Wilson, C., 1998.
Proceedings of the first international symposium of deep-sea
hydrothermal vent biology. Cah. Biol. Mar., 39: 219−392.
Black, M.B., Halanych, K.M., Maas, P.A.Y., Hoeh, W.R.,
Hashimoto, J., Desbruy` eres, D., Lutz, R.A. and Vrijenhoek, R.C.,
1997. Molecular systematics of vestimentiferan tubeworms from
hydrothermal vents and cold-water seeps. Mar. Biol., 130: 141.
Brooks, J.M., Wiesenberg, D.A., Roberts, H.H., Carney, R.S.,
MacDonald, I.R., Fisher, C.R., Guinasso Jr., N.L., Sager, W.W.,
McDonald, S.J., Burke Jr., R.A., Aharon, P. and Bright, T.J., 1990.
Salt, seeps and symbiosis in the Gulf of Mexico: a preliminary
report of deep-water discoveries using DSV ALVIN. Eos Trans.
Am. Geophys. Union, 71: 1772−1773.
Burd, B.J. and Thomson, R.E., 1995. Distribution of zooplankton
associated with the Endeavour Ridge Hydrothermal Plume.
J. Plankton Res., 17: 965−997.
Butterfield, D.A., Massoth, G.J., McDuff, R.E., Lupton, J.E. and
Lilley, M.D., 1990. Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from
Axial Seamount hydrothermal emissions study vent field, Juan
de Fuca Ridge: subseafloor boiling and subsequent fluid-rock
interaction. J. Geophys. Res., 95: 12 895−12 921.
Carney, R.S., 1994. Consideration of the oasis analogy for
chemosynthetic communities at Gulf of Mexico hydrocarbon vents.
Geo-Mar. Lett., 14: 149−159.
Cary, S.C. and Giovannoni, S.J., 1993. Transovarial inheritance of
endosymbiotic bacteria in clam inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal
vents and cold seeps. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 90: 5695−5699.
Cary, S.C., Shank, T.M. and Stein, J., 1998. Worms bask in extreme
temperatures. Nature, 391: 545−546.
Cavanaugh, C.M., Gardiner, S.L., Jones, M.L., Jannasch, H.W. and
Waterbury, J.B., 1981. Prokaryotic cells in the hydrothermal vent
tube worm Riftia pachyptila Jones: possible chemoautotrophic
symbionts. Science, 213: 340−342.
Cavanaugh, C.M., Levering, P., Maki, J.S., Mitchell, R. and
Verena TUNNICLIFFE et al.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Funding agencies, ship/submersible operations, and
many collaborators have allowed the authors firsthand acquaintance with many of the areas discussed.
We thank the many students and assistants in our
labs and K. Olu and D. Desbruy` eres at Ifremer, who
provide so many intellectual challenges. In particular,
we thank M. Tsurumi for commentary and L. Franklin
for production assistance.
REFERENCES
Aharon, P., 1994. Geology and biology of modern and ancient
submarine hydrocarbon seeps and vents: an introduction. GeoMar. Lett., 14: 69−73.
Aharon, P., Schwarcz, H.P. and Roberts, H.H., 1997. Radiometric
dating of submarine hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico.
Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 109: 568−579.
Alt, J.C., 1995. Subseafloor processes in mid-ocean ridge
hydrothermal systems. In: S.E. Humphris, R.A. Zierenberg,
L.S. Mullineaux and R.E. Thomson (Editors), Seafloor
Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological and
Geological Interactions. Geophys. Monogr. Am. Geophys. Union,
91: 85–114.
Anderson, A.E., 1995. Metabolic responses to sulfur in lucinid
bivalve. Am. Zool., 35: 121−131.
Arquit, A.M., 1990. Geological and hydrothermal controls on the
distribution of megafauna in ASHES vent field, Juan de Fuca
Ridge. J. Geophys. Res., 95: 12 947−12 960.
Auzende, J.-M., Ballu, V., Batiza, R., Bideau, D., Charlou, J.-L.,
Cormier, M.-H., Fouquet, Y., Geistdoerfer, P., Lagabrielle, Y.,
Sinton, J. and Spadea, P., 1996. Recent tectonic, magmatic,
and hydrothermal activity on the East Pacific Rise between
17ºS and 19ºS: submersible observations. J. Geophys. Res., 101:
17 995−18 010.
Bacesco, M., 1963. Contribution a la biocoenologie de la Mer Noire
l’´ etage p´ eriazoique et le faci´ es dreissenif` ere leur caract´ eristiques.
Rapports et Proc` es-Verbaux des R´ eunions. Cons. Perm. Int. Explor.
Mer, 17: 107−122.
Baco, A.R., Smith, C.R., Peek, A.S., Roderick, G.K. and
Vrijenhoek, R.C., 1999. The phylogenetic relationships of whalefall vesicomyid clams based on mitochondrial COI DNA
sequences. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 182: 137−147.
Baker, E.T., German, C.R. and Elderfield, H., 1995. Hydrothermal
plumes over spreading-center axes: global distributions and
geological inferences. In: S.E. Humphris, R.A. Zierenberg,
L.S. Mullineaux and R.E. Thomson (Editors), Seafloor
Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological and
Geological Interactions. Geophys. Monogr. Am. Geophys. Union,
91: 47–71.
Baross, J.A. and Deming, J.W., 1983. Growth of ‘black smoker’
bacteria at temperatures of at least 250ºC. Nature, 303: 423−426.
Baross, J.A. and Deming, J.W., 1995. Growth at high temperatures:
isolation and taxonomy, physiology and ecology. In: D.M. Karl
(Editor), The Microbiology of Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vents. CRC
Press, New York, pp. 169–189.
Barry, J.P., Greene, H.G., Orange, D.L., Baxter, C.H., Robison, B.H.,
Kochevar, R.E., Nybakken, J.W., Reed, D.L. and McHugh, C.M.,
1996. Biologic and geologic characteristics of cold seeps in
Monterey Bay, California. Deep-Sea Res., 43: 1739−1762.
Barry, J.P., Kochevar, R.E. and Baxter, C.H., 1997. The influence
of pore-water chemistry and physiology in the distribution of
vesicomyid clams at cold seeps in Monterey Bay: implications
for patterns of chemosynthetic community organization. Limnol.
Oceanogr., 42: 318−328.
Batiza, R., 1995. Magmatic segmentation of mid-ocean ridges: a
review. In: C.J. MacLeod, P. Tyler and C.L. Walker (Editors),
Tectonic, Magmatic, Hydrothermal and Biological Segmentation
of Mid-Ocean Ridges. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 118: 103−129.
Ben-Mlih, F., Marty, J.-C. and Fiala-M´ edioni, A., 1992. Fatty acid
composition in deep hydrothermal vent symbiotic bivalves. J. Lipid
Res., 33: 1797−1806.
Bennett, B.A., Smith, C.R., Glaser, B. and Maybaum, H.L., 1994.
Faunal community structure of a chemoautotrophic assemblage on
whale bones in the deep northeast Pacific Ocean. Mar. Ecol. Prog.
Ser., 108: 205−223.
Bergquist, D.C., Williams, F.M. and Fisher, C.R., 2000. Longevity
record for deep-sea invertebrate. Nature, 403: 499−500.
Biscoito, M., Cary, S.C., Dixon, D.R. and Wilson, C., 1998.
Proceedings of the first international symposium of deep-sea
hydrothermal vent biology. Cah. Biol. Mar., 39: 219−392.
Black, M.B., Halanych, K.M., Maas, P.A.Y., Hoeh, W.R.,
Hashimoto, J., Desbruy` eres, D., Lutz, R.A. and Vrijenhoek, R.C.,
1997. Molecular systematics of vestimentiferan tubeworms from
hydrothermal vents and cold-water seeps. Mar. Biol., 130: 141.
Brooks, J.M., Wiesenberg, D.A., Roberts, H.H., Carney, R.S.,
MacDonald, I.R., Fisher, C.R., Guinasso Jr., N.L., Sager, W.W.,
McDonald, S.J., Burke Jr., R.A., Aharon, P. and Bright, T.J., 1990.
Salt, seeps and symbiosis in the Gulf of Mexico: a preliminary
report of deep-water discoveries using DSV ALVIN. Eos Trans.
Am. Geophys. Union, 71: 1772−1773.
Burd, B.J. and Thomson, R.E., 1995. Distribution of zooplankton
associated with the Endeavour Ridge Hydrothermal Plume.
J. Plankton Res., 17: 965−997.
Butterfield, D.A., Massoth, G.J., McDuff, R.E., Lupton, J.E. and
Lilley, M.D., 1990. Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from
Axial Seamount hydrothermal emissions study vent field, Juan
de Fuca Ridge: subseafloor boiling and subsequent fluid-rock
interaction. J. Geophys. Res., 95: 12 895−12 921.
Carney, R.S., 1994. Consideration of the oasis analogy for
chemosynthetic communities at Gulf of Mexico hydrocarbon vents.
Geo-Mar. Lett., 14: 149−159.
Cary, S.C. and Giovannoni, S.J., 1993. Transovarial inheritance of
endosymbiotic bacteria in clam inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal
vents and cold seeps. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 90: 5695−5699.
Cary, S.C., Shank, T.M. and Stein, J., 1998. Worms bask in extreme
temperatures. Nature, 391: 545−546.
Cavanaugh, C.M., Gardiner, S.L., Jones, M.L., Jannasch, H.W. and
Waterbury, J.B., 1981. Prokaryotic cells in the hydrothermal vent
tube worm Riftia pachyptila Jones: possible chemoautotrophic
symbionts. Science, 213: 340−342.
Cavanaugh, C.M., Levering, P., Maki, J.S., Mitchell, R. and