464
Climatic Geomorphology
Figure 19.2. An undulating capillary front in the sandstone slabs of the Calatravas Castle (18th century),
reaching 5 m above ground level. The most important weathering is seen in the lower slabs. Alcafiiz,
Province of Teruel, Ebro Basin, Spain.
Only minor salt enters road
by vapour transference or
migration along grain surfaces
Salt transferred into road by
I
'Dry' salt efflorescence and
capillary moisture movement
I
precipitation on voids
I
/
Moisture zone E ~
/
~
t
, _.. ~
J
~
/ Maximum salt crust growth
'
"~/
N,
YIIIl~lllll)Clllllb/u/,,.~ I I
.
\
/////H/1/1/1/1///////,////////// ,
/z//
Damp salt - crusl
~....!~..].i.Z,,~'~r//~
Damp salt-crusl
~ j ~l l l ////~//////I/t/l l l c//a~)~(/a~/~/ri /n/g/el ~zone' D~_ ~:.....~......~,~
.
"
~::i iiiiiii:i i.~i~i:.:.~i::.ii~i~i:.~i~i::: :::::: i
c, Water tab,; ========================= ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~~i:. ~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:i:!:i:i:i:i:!:i:i:i:i:~:~i::::::::.'::.::.':-~'."::':.:::!:..
":.
,:::::,.
.:::::.. :.:.~.. ..:~i. ~i.': ~w
.~~~~';:".'~::?.i
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
.., ......~.~.~:~. :..::~.~:?~,...:.,,.~!~,-., ,:,..~~1,...~'~.~,.~'. ~,
,..:..,.,..<:.
[~i.
......... 9 ...... 9 ..... .,.,,, ........ :.,
~~ii..~iii.~.~i
............ ..~,. .......... ~~e,..,.~.,,,~,,,,.":~. :~.,,~..~~.' .o ~.~,~. ,.~.
~.~:~.~..~..~..~.~..~..-~.~.~...:~.~..~..:~
.,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,.,,,:,:,-::,~,,-~,,,.,,~,:~,,,,,,,,,, ,, ~.,,,, ,,.., ,,~,,,~ ,~! ~,.,,,~,,,," ,,-,
~ ~
,','
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::.:~.'::::'.......':i~:::':::':'.........:...: ... ~ :~.~x., ........
~'~..~4.::
:::::::::::::::::::::::
................. ..~:.:,.,:.:.:.:.:.:...:.:.:.:.:.:.:~:.:'..:.:.:~:~:.:.x.~.~:~:~:~*~:.:.:~:i:!:i:::~.~::;~::~:.::~i:!.~ i:~
..
Salt transferred into road
by evaporation
Figure 19.3. Schematic section to show the relevance of soil moisture zones to road construction (after
Fookes and French, 1977).