Buffers
106
Buffering in the cardiovascular system
108
Research direction: proton-coupled electron transfer and pathways
108
References
111
Problems
112
6 Oxidation/reduction reactions and bioenergetics
114
Oxidation/reduction reactions
114
Electrochemical cells
115
The Nernst equation
116
Midpoint potentials
117
Gibbs energy of formation and activity
120
Ionic strength
122
Adenosine triphosphate
123
Chemiosmotic hypothesis
124
Research direction: respiratory chain
126
Research direction: ATP synthase
128
References
131
Problems
132
7 Kinetics and enzymes
134
The rate of a chemical reaction
134
Parallel first-order reactions
137
Sequential first-order reactions
139
Second-order reactions
140
The order of a reaction
141
Reactions that approach equilibrium
142
Activation energy
143
Research direction: electron transfer I: energetics
144
Derivation box 7.1 Derivation of the Marcus relationship
146
Enzymes
147
Enzymes lower the activation energy
148
Enzyme mechanisms
150
Research direction: dynamics in enzyme mechanism
150
Michaelis–Menten mechanism
151
Lineweaver–Burk equation
155
Enzyme activity
155
Research direction: the RNA world
158
References
160
Problems
161
8 The Boltzmann distribution and statistical thermodynamics
163
Probability
163
Boltzmann distribution
165
Partition function
166
CONTENTS
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