ln sh, the research on the intracerebral stimulation by the
brain function of sh.
By employing the method for higher
implantation method is almost undeveloped.
the
animals, experimental neurosrs
can
alsobe
induced in Shimplantation method has been used in order to lead
If they are SUbJGC' ËGd‘
to wregular exutatron and inhibition
intracerebral electric changes (Guselinîkov, 1957) and these
or given extremely difcult problems, some will become
electro-pWsiological
studies have advanced, as already
quiet and some move about violently (Tuge et al., 1956)
stated, to the method of using the micro-electrode.
The conditioned reex procedures also demonstrate that if
By uniting these studies With the knowledge of the
familiar stimuli are used to condition sh, conditioned
É Ë
micro-anatomy of the brain, the analysis of various kinds of
reex can be quickly produced as it is in the case with
É
reex arcs in the comparatively simple central nervous
higher animals.
Î
system of the sh can be carried out, and is expected to
Compared with higher animals, the inhibitory process is
,
be useful for the illustration of brain mechanism in general.
weak but the differentiation, extinction and conditioned
”
reex of second order are relatively easy to form.
The
It is a well known fact that the founder of ichthyology,
changing of signal denotations which shows lability of
Aristotle, described various habits and movements of many
brain activity and conditioned inhibition can also be formed
“
kinds of sh.
For a long time after Aristotle, the ecology of
although the elaboration is far inferior to that of mammals.
sh was not the object of study.
However, towards the end
That is, even though there is a difference in degree of
of the 19th century, experiments on the behavior of sh
formation, various rules of the conditioned reex shown in
made by some animal psychologists and physiologists as
higher animals, originally established by |. P. Pavlov, are
well as research on instincts, habits and adaptability of
applicable to the higher nervous activity of sh.
Although
various kinds of sh by ichthyologists became publicized
the sh brain is considerably simpler than that of mammals,
systematically (Jordan, 1907).
However, in the investigation
it will be some time before the brain mechanism pertaining
of these behaviors in relation to sh brains, almost no
to learning and memory is clearly understood.
However,
noteworthy research work except those based on the
the conditioned reex method is considered very effective
i
ablation method which has been described above was
as
an
approach to this subject.
_,
available.
von
Holst (1934) made a detailed physiological
ln connection with sh behavior, the method of study used
Î
analysis of locomotive movements of sh; and the analysis
by Sperry (1948, 1950) is noteworthy.
By means of clever
î
of instinct such as mating behavior and nest building was
techniques, he made a series of experiments such as the
:
advanced by Tinbergen (1951) and his co-workers, thereby
cutting off of the optic tract; severing an optic chiasma
%
opening a new eld for study.
Study on the learning ability
to prevent crossing and causing eye rotation surgically.
He
of sh has been an object of interest of animal
investigated the neural mechanism of coordination of vision
;
psychologists since the end of the 19th century (Môbius,
and movement.
Furthermore, he acquired new information
?
1873; Thorndike, 1899; Triplett, 1901).
For examples of
about visual perception as well as learning process.
:
research works on the conditioning of sh by so—called
The experiment in which the central nervous system of
î
conditioned reex method, we can mention the studies of
various kinds of teleosts was investigated, showed that
ë
McDonald (1922) and Westereld (1922).
However, Froiov
are teleosts suitable for this kind of study and opened a
;
(1925) pioneered in the study of the conditioned reex of
new
area
for comparative neurology.
î
fish by recording their reactions precisely.
Froiov made
For the study of psychomimetic and tranquillizing drugs on
systematic experiments of the defensive and food-motor
behavior, teleosts are good materials.
Abramson and Evans
conditioned reexes using fresh and marine water sh of
(1954) using LSD—25 and Walaszek and Abood (1956)
various kinds.
The study in this direction was carried out
employing chlorpromazine, made observations on behavior,
Î
further by Bull (1928).
especially the change of ghting response.
Studies on the
î
The works of Voronin (1957), Biryukov (1960) and their
comparatively simple brains of sh are interesting in that
?
associates of the Soviet Union, indicated clearly the fact of
they demonstrate how these drugs work on the central
J
evolution by demonstrating the capability and lability of the
nervous system.
îi‘
'
.
lié!
. : äî Ë
iii
brain function of sh.
By employing the method for higher
implantation method is almost undeveloped.
the
animals, experimental neurosrs
can
alsobe
induced in Shimplantation method has been used in order to lead
If they are SUbJGC' ËGd‘
to wregular exutatron and inhibition
intracerebral electric changes (Guselinîkov, 1957) and these
or given extremely difcult problems, some will become
electro-pWsiological
studies have advanced, as already
quiet and some move about violently (Tuge et al., 1956)
stated, to the method of using the micro-electrode.
The conditioned reex procedures also demonstrate that if
By uniting these studies With the knowledge of the
familiar stimuli are used to condition sh, conditioned
É Ë
micro-anatomy of the brain, the analysis of various kinds of
reex can be quickly produced as it is in the case with
É
reex arcs in the comparatively simple central nervous
higher animals.
Î
system of the sh can be carried out, and is expected to
Compared with higher animals, the inhibitory process is
,
be useful for the illustration of brain mechanism in general.
weak but the differentiation, extinction and conditioned
”
reex of second order are relatively easy to form.
The
It is a well known fact that the founder of ichthyology,
changing of signal denotations which shows lability of
Aristotle, described various habits and movements of many
brain activity and conditioned inhibition can also be formed
“
kinds of sh.
For a long time after Aristotle, the ecology of
although the elaboration is far inferior to that of mammals.
sh was not the object of study.
However, towards the end
That is, even though there is a difference in degree of
of the 19th century, experiments on the behavior of sh
formation, various rules of the conditioned reex shown in
made by some animal psychologists and physiologists as
higher animals, originally established by |. P. Pavlov, are
well as research on instincts, habits and adaptability of
applicable to the higher nervous activity of sh.
Although
various kinds of sh by ichthyologists became publicized
the sh brain is considerably simpler than that of mammals,
systematically (Jordan, 1907).
However, in the investigation
it will be some time before the brain mechanism pertaining
of these behaviors in relation to sh brains, almost no
to learning and memory is clearly understood.
However,
noteworthy research work except those based on the
the conditioned reex method is considered very effective
i
ablation method which has been described above was
as
an
approach to this subject.
_,
available.
von
Holst (1934) made a detailed physiological
ln connection with sh behavior, the method of study used
Î
analysis of locomotive movements of sh; and the analysis
by Sperry (1948, 1950) is noteworthy.
By means of clever
î
of instinct such as mating behavior and nest building was
techniques, he made a series of experiments such as the
:
advanced by Tinbergen (1951) and his co-workers, thereby
cutting off of the optic tract; severing an optic chiasma
%
opening a new eld for study.
Study on the learning ability
to prevent crossing and causing eye rotation surgically.
He
of sh has been an object of interest of animal
investigated the neural mechanism of coordination of vision
;
psychologists since the end of the 19th century (Môbius,
and movement.
Furthermore, he acquired new information
?
1873; Thorndike, 1899; Triplett, 1901).
For examples of
about visual perception as well as learning process.
:
research works on the conditioning of sh by so—called
The experiment in which the central nervous system of
î
conditioned reex method, we can mention the studies of
various kinds of teleosts was investigated, showed that
ë
McDonald (1922) and Westereld (1922).
However, Froiov
are teleosts suitable for this kind of study and opened a
;
(1925) pioneered in the study of the conditioned reex of
new
area
for comparative neurology.
î
fish by recording their reactions precisely.
Froiov made
For the study of psychomimetic and tranquillizing drugs on
systematic experiments of the defensive and food-motor
behavior, teleosts are good materials.
Abramson and Evans
conditioned reexes using fresh and marine water sh of
(1954) using LSD—25 and Walaszek and Abood (1956)
various kinds.
The study in this direction was carried out
employing chlorpromazine, made observations on behavior,
Î
further by Bull (1928).
especially the change of ghting response.
Studies on the
î
The works of Voronin (1957), Biryukov (1960) and their
comparatively simple brains of sh are interesting in that
?
associates of the Soviet Union, indicated clearly the fact of
they demonstrate how these drugs work on the central
J
evolution by demonstrating the capability and lability of the
nervous system.
îi‘
'
.
lié!
. : äî Ë
iii