198
D. Liu et al.
low numbers in Conjola and Swan Lake were the main factors leading to these differences. The presence of Cyanophyta species was also important in differentiating the phytoplankton assemblages of Swan Lake from other lakes.
Spatial trends in Chl a concentrations in the studied estuaries were also evident (Fig. 14.5). The highest biomasses
were observed in Lake Illawarra where Chl a concentrations ranged from 1.21 to 9.25 μg/L with a mean value of
5.36 μg/L during the sampling period; the lowest biomasses were found in Swan Lake with a Chl a range of 0.19–
1.33 μg/L and a mean of 0.69 μg/L (Fig. 14.5). The annual
average biomass displayed a spatial trend of Lake Illawarra
> St. George Basin > Durras Lake > Burrill Lake > Coila
Lake > Conjola Lake > Swan Lake.
Seasonal patterns of Chl a concentrations in the studied estuaries were not obvious during the sampling period
(Fig. 14.5), which is reasonable, considering the warm temperate regime in the region. Previous studies have indicated
that the seasonal patterns of phytoplankton assemblages
were mainly determined by temperature and nutrient availability, cold temperate waters tend to show one peak in summer or two peaks in spring and summer, but warm waters
Table 14.3 (continued)
Location species
Illawarra
Lake
Burrill
Lake
St.
Georges
Basin
Swan
Lake
Durras
Lake
Conjola
Lake
Coila
Lake
Prorocetrum lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge a M, R, T
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
Prorocentrum mexicanum Tafall a M, R, T
−
+
+
−
−
−
−
Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg a M, R
+
+
+
−
+
−
+
Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller a BM, R, T
+
+
+
−
+
−
+
Protoperidinium conicum (Gran) Balech a M
+
+
−
−
−
−
+
Protoperidinium depressum (Bailey) Balech a M
+
+
+
−
+
−
−
Protoperidinium grande (Kofoid) Balech a M
+
+
+
−
+
+
−
Protoperidinium pallidum (Ostenfeld) Balech a M
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
Protoperidinium pentagonum (Gran) Balech a M
+
+
+
+
−
−
−
Protoperidinium sp. a M
−
+
−
−
−
+
+
Protoperidinium steinii (Jørgensen) Balech a M
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Protoperidinium pyriforme (Paulsen) Balech a M
+
+
−
+
−
−
−
Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima (Cleve) Heiden ● B, R
+
+
−
−
−
−
−
Pseudo-nitzschia granii Hasle ● B
−
−
+
−
+
+
+
Pseudo-nitzschia subpacifica Hasle ● B
−
−
+
−
+
+
+
Pseudo-nitzschia prolongatoides Hasle ● B
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
Pseudo-nitzschia pungens Hasle ● B, R
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Pseudo-nitzschia seriata H. Peragallo ● B
+
+
−
−
−
−
+
Pseudo-nitzschia sp. ● B
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Pyrophacus steinii (Schiller) Wall & Dale a M
+
+
+
−
+
−
+
Rhabdonema adriaticum Kützing ● BM
−
−
−
+
−
−
−
Probosciaalata (Brightwell) Sündstrom ● M
−
+
+
+
−
+
−
Rhizosolenia setigera Brightwell ● M, R
+
+
+
−
−
+
+
Scrippsiella trochoidea (Stein) Balech ex Loeblich III a B, R
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve ● B, R
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
Staurastrum johnsonii West & G.S. West ♣ FB
−
−
−
+
−
+
−
Stephanopyxis turris Ralfs in Pritchard ● BM
−
−
−
+
−
+
−
Striatella unipunctata (Lyngbye) C. Agardh ● M
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
Synechocystis sp. ∆ FB
−
−
−
+
−
-
−
Tabellaria fenestrata (Lyngbye) Kützing ● FB
+
−
−
+
+
−
−
Thalassionema frauenfeldii (Grunow) Hallegraeff ● M, R
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Mereschkowsky ● M, R
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
Thalassiosira decipiens (Grunow) E.G. Jørgensen ● M
+
+
+
−
+
−
+
Thalassiosira hyalina (Grunow) Gran ● M
+
+
+
−
+
−
+
Thalassiosira rotula Meunier ● M, R
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
Thalassiosira subtilis (Ostenfeld) Gran ● M
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
Trichoclesmium erythraeum ∆ M, R
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Spirulina sp. ∆ B
−
−
−
+
+
−
−
● Diatom, ∆ Cyanophyta, ♣ a Chlorophyta, ♠ Chromophyta, a Dinoflagellate, + Present, − Absent, FB Freshwater to Brackish species, B Brackish species, BM Brackish to Marine species, M Marine species, R Red tide species, T Toxic species
D. Liu et al.
low numbers in Conjola and Swan Lake were the main factors leading to these differences. The presence of Cyanophyta species was also important in differentiating the phytoplankton assemblages of Swan Lake from other lakes.
Spatial trends in Chl a concentrations in the studied estuaries were also evident (Fig. 14.5). The highest biomasses
were observed in Lake Illawarra where Chl a concentrations ranged from 1.21 to 9.25 μg/L with a mean value of
5.36 μg/L during the sampling period; the lowest biomasses were found in Swan Lake with a Chl a range of 0.19–
1.33 μg/L and a mean of 0.69 μg/L (Fig. 14.5). The annual
average biomass displayed a spatial trend of Lake Illawarra
> St. George Basin > Durras Lake > Burrill Lake > Coila
Lake > Conjola Lake > Swan Lake.
Seasonal patterns of Chl a concentrations in the studied estuaries were not obvious during the sampling period
(Fig. 14.5), which is reasonable, considering the warm temperate regime in the region. Previous studies have indicated
that the seasonal patterns of phytoplankton assemblages
were mainly determined by temperature and nutrient availability, cold temperate waters tend to show one peak in summer or two peaks in spring and summer, but warm waters
Table 14.3 (continued)
Location species
Illawarra
Lake
Burrill
Lake
St.
Georges
Basin
Swan
Lake
Durras
Lake
Conjola
Lake
Coila
Lake
Prorocetrum lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge a M, R, T
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
Prorocentrum mexicanum Tafall a M, R, T
−
+
+
−
−
−
−
Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg a M, R
+
+
+
−
+
−
+
Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller a BM, R, T
+
+
+
−
+
−
+
Protoperidinium conicum (Gran) Balech a M
+
+
−
−
−
−
+
Protoperidinium depressum (Bailey) Balech a M
+
+
+
−
+
−
−
Protoperidinium grande (Kofoid) Balech a M
+
+
+
−
+
+
−
Protoperidinium pallidum (Ostenfeld) Balech a M
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
Protoperidinium pentagonum (Gran) Balech a M
+
+
+
+
−
−
−
Protoperidinium sp. a M
−
+
−
−
−
+
+
Protoperidinium steinii (Jørgensen) Balech a M
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Protoperidinium pyriforme (Paulsen) Balech a M
+
+
−
+
−
−
−
Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima (Cleve) Heiden ● B, R
+
+
−
−
−
−
−
Pseudo-nitzschia granii Hasle ● B
−
−
+
−
+
+
+
Pseudo-nitzschia subpacifica Hasle ● B
−
−
+
−
+
+
+
Pseudo-nitzschia prolongatoides Hasle ● B
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
Pseudo-nitzschia pungens Hasle ● B, R
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Pseudo-nitzschia seriata H. Peragallo ● B
+
+
−
−
−
−
+
Pseudo-nitzschia sp. ● B
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Pyrophacus steinii (Schiller) Wall & Dale a M
+
+
+
−
+
−
+
Rhabdonema adriaticum Kützing ● BM
−
−
−
+
−
−
−
Probosciaalata (Brightwell) Sündstrom ● M
−
+
+
+
−
+
−
Rhizosolenia setigera Brightwell ● M, R
+
+
+
−
−
+
+
Scrippsiella trochoidea (Stein) Balech ex Loeblich III a B, R
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve ● B, R
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
Staurastrum johnsonii West & G.S. West ♣ FB
−
−
−
+
−
+
−
Stephanopyxis turris Ralfs in Pritchard ● BM
−
−
−
+
−
+
−
Striatella unipunctata (Lyngbye) C. Agardh ● M
−
+
+
+
+
+
+
Synechocystis sp. ∆ FB
−
−
−
+
−
-
−
Tabellaria fenestrata (Lyngbye) Kützing ● FB
+
−
−
+
+
−
−
Thalassionema frauenfeldii (Grunow) Hallegraeff ● M, R
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Mereschkowsky ● M, R
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
Thalassiosira decipiens (Grunow) E.G. Jørgensen ● M
+
+
+
−
+
−
+
Thalassiosira hyalina (Grunow) Gran ● M
+
+
+
−
+
−
+
Thalassiosira rotula Meunier ● M, R
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
Thalassiosira subtilis (Ostenfeld) Gran ● M
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
Trichoclesmium erythraeum ∆ M, R
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Spirulina sp. ∆ B
−
−
−
+
+
−
−
● Diatom, ∆ Cyanophyta, ♣ a Chlorophyta, ♠ Chromophyta, a Dinoflagellate, + Present, − Absent, FB Freshwater to Brackish species, B Brackish species, BM Brackish to Marine species, M Marine species, R Red tide species, T Toxic species