10 Seasonal and Spatial Nutrient Dynamics in Saronikos Gulf: The Impact of Sewage Effluents …
129
in the marine ecosystem and the phytoplankton community,
which is probably related to the removal of nitrogen during
the secondary sewage treatment.
The eutrophication index applied to the study area for the
three study periods showed that station S7 characterized as
mesotrophic during all periods, whereas, a shift from oligotrophy to mesotrophy was observed at stations S11 and S13
between the periods 1987–1994 and 1995–2005. During the
period 2005–2010 stations S11 and S13 were characterized
as oligotrophic, indicating a significant improvement in ecological status of the stations. Station S16 was oligotrophic
during the three periods, whereas station S8 characterized
as mesotrophic for both the periods 1998–2004 and 2005–
2010. It is noteworthy that only stations S7 and S8 characterized as mesotrophic after the operation of the secondary sewage treatment. A deterioration of station S8, which is located
7 km southwest of the Psittalia outfall, was observed after
the operation of the sewage treatment plant. Where relatively
lower DO concentrations were recorded near the bottom of
station S8 (in some cases lower than 3.00 mL/L) as a biochemical result of the oxidation of the organic matter carried
by the wastewater effluents into the Inner Saronikos Gulf.
References
Airoldi L, Beck MW (2007) Loss, status and trends for coastal marine
habitats of Europe. Oceanogr Mar Biol 45:345–405
Αlonso-Rodriguez R, Paez-osuna F, Cortes Αltamiranο R (2000)
Trophic conditions and stoichiometric nutrient balance in subtropical waters influenced by municipal sewage effluents in Mazatlar
Bay (SE Gulf of California). Mar Ρollut Bull 40:331–339
Anagnostou CH, Drakopoulou V, Kapsimalis V, Papathanasiou E
(2005) Anthropogenic activities along the Hellenic Coasts. In:
Papathanassiou E, Zenetos A (eds) State of the Hellenic Marine
Environment, HCMR, Athens
Azzurro E, Matiddi M, Fanelli E, Guidetti P, La Mesa G, Scarpato A,
Axiak V (2010) Sewage pollution impact on Mediterranean rockyreef fish assemblages. Mar Environ Res 69:390–397
Berman T, Townsend DW, El Sayed S., Trees CC, Azov Y (1984) Optical transparency, chlorophyll and primary productivity in the Eastern Mediterranean near the Israeli coast. Oceanol Acta 7:367–371
Berman T, Walline PD, Schneller A, Rothenberg J, Townsend DW
(1985) Secchi disk depth record: A claim for the eastern Mediterranean. Limnol Oceanogr 30:447–448
Brzezinski MA (1985) The Si:C:N ratio of marine diatoms: interspecific variability and the effect of some environment variables. J
Phycol 15:305–311
Carpenter JH (1965a) The accuracy of the Winkler method for the dissolved oxygen analysis. Limnol Oceanogr 10:135–140
Carpenter JH (1965b) The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for dissolved oxygen method. Limnol Oceanogr 10:141 -14
Dassenakis M, Kapiris K, Pavlidou A (2000) The Aegean Sea: In:
Sheppard Ch (ed) Seas at the Millenium: Environmental Evaluation
1:233–252
Dowidar NM (1984) Phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity
of the southeastern Mediterranean. Deep-Sea Res 31:983–1000
EU Water Framwework Directives (2000) Intergrated river basin management for Europe. Directive 2000/60/EC of the Eurpoean Parliament and the Council establishing a framework for the community
action in the field of water policy. ec.europa.eu/environment/water/
water-framework/. Accessed 29 Oct 2013
Faganeli J (1981) Nutrient Dynamics in seawater column in the vicinity
of Piran submarine sewage outfall (North Adriatic). Marine Pollut
Bull 13:61–66
Firfilionis G, Paraskevopoulou V, Vilioti G, Dassenakis M (2004) The
removal of trace metals at the wastewater treatment plant of Psyttalia. Med Mar Sci 5:71–81
Goldman JC (1976) Identification of nitrogen as a growth-limiting
nutrient in waste-waters and coastal marine waters through continuous culture algal assays. Water Res 10:97–104
Herut B, Almogi-Labin A, Jannink N, Gertman I (2000) The seasonal
dynamics of nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations on the SE
Mediterranean shelf-slope. Oceanol Acta 23:771–782
Karydis M (1999) Evaluation of the trophic levels in Greek coastal ecosystems. Lesvos Island. Univ. of Aegean, Scientific Report, Greece
Kontoyiannis H (2010) Observations on the circulation of Saronikos
Gulf: a Mediterranean embayment sea-border of Athens/Greece. J
Geophys Res 115, C06029, 23 pp. doi:10.1029/2008JC005026
Koroleff F (1970) Revised version of “Direct determination of ammonia in natural waters as indophenol blue” Int Con Explor Sea C M
1969/ C:9 ICES information on techniques and methods for sea
water analysis. Interlab Rep 3:19–22
Krom MD, Kress N, Brenner S, Gordon LI (1991) Phosphorus limitation of primary productivity in the E. Mediterranean sea. LimnolOceanogr 36:424–432
Krom MD, Brenner S, Kress N, Neori A, Gordon LI (1992) Nutrient
dynamics and new production in a warm-core eddy from the eastern
Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Res 39:467–480
Krom MD, Brenner S, Kress N, Neori A, Gordon LI (1993) Nutrient
distributions during an annual cycle across a warm-core eddy from
the eastern Mediterranean sea. Deep-Sea Res 40:805–825
McGill DA (1965) The relative supplies of phosphate, nitrate and silicate in the Mediterranean Sea. Comm Int Explor Sci Mer Medit
Rapp PV Reunions 18:734–744
Mullin JB, Riley JP (1955) The colorimetric determination of silicate
with special reference to sea and natural waters. Anal Chim Acta
12:162–176
Murphy J, Riley JP (1962) A modified single solution method for phosphate in natural waters. Anal Chim Acta 12:162–176
Pagou K (2005) Eutrophication in Hellenic coastal areas. In: Papathanassiou E, Zenetos A (eds) State of the Hellenic marine environment. HCMR, Athens pp 127–136
Pagou K, Siokou-Frangou I, Papathanassiou E (2002) Nutrients and
their ratios in relation to eutrophication and HAB occurrence. The
case of Eastern Mediterranean coastal waters. In: Second Workshop
on ‘‘Thresholds of Environmental Sustainability: The case of nutrients’’, 18–19 June, Brussels, Belgium
Pagou K, Varkitzi I, Assimakopoulou G, Konstantinopoulou A (2011)
Phytoplankton distribution and phytoplankton groups in the Inner
Saronikos Gulf in: E. Krasakopoulou (ed), Monitoring of the Inner
Saronikos gulf affected by Psittalia Sewage discharges. HCMR,
final Technical Report, May 2011, 81–112 (in Greek)
Pavlidou A (2010) Nutrients in transitional, coastal (and marine) waters
(GR-SEBI 2010 15). In: National Centre for Environment and
Sustainable Development 2010, European Environmental Agency.
http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/countries/gr/soertopic_view?topic=
biodiversity
Pavlidou A (2012) Nutrient distribution in selected coastal areas of
Aegean Sea (East Mediterranean Sea). J Environ Sci Eng 1:78–88
Pavlidou A, Souvermezoglou E (2006) Nutrients in the Mediterranean
Sea. In: Karageorgis A (ed) Pollution in the Mediterranean sea: An
overview from IASON SSA, Project No:515234– Deliverable 4.1
Pavlidou A, Kontoyiannis H, Psyllidou-Giouranovits R (2004) Trophic
conditions and stoichiometric nutrient balance in the Inner Saronikos Gulf (Central Aegean) Fresen Environ Bull 13:1509–1514
129
in the marine ecosystem and the phytoplankton community,
which is probably related to the removal of nitrogen during
the secondary sewage treatment.
The eutrophication index applied to the study area for the
three study periods showed that station S7 characterized as
mesotrophic during all periods, whereas, a shift from oligotrophy to mesotrophy was observed at stations S11 and S13
between the periods 1987–1994 and 1995–2005. During the
period 2005–2010 stations S11 and S13 were characterized
as oligotrophic, indicating a significant improvement in ecological status of the stations. Station S16 was oligotrophic
during the three periods, whereas station S8 characterized
as mesotrophic for both the periods 1998–2004 and 2005–
2010. It is noteworthy that only stations S7 and S8 characterized as mesotrophic after the operation of the secondary sewage treatment. A deterioration of station S8, which is located
7 km southwest of the Psittalia outfall, was observed after
the operation of the sewage treatment plant. Where relatively
lower DO concentrations were recorded near the bottom of
station S8 (in some cases lower than 3.00 mL/L) as a biochemical result of the oxidation of the organic matter carried
by the wastewater effluents into the Inner Saronikos Gulf.
References
Airoldi L, Beck MW (2007) Loss, status and trends for coastal marine
habitats of Europe. Oceanogr Mar Biol 45:345–405
Αlonso-Rodriguez R, Paez-osuna F, Cortes Αltamiranο R (2000)
Trophic conditions and stoichiometric nutrient balance in subtropical waters influenced by municipal sewage effluents in Mazatlar
Bay (SE Gulf of California). Mar Ρollut Bull 40:331–339
Anagnostou CH, Drakopoulou V, Kapsimalis V, Papathanasiou E
(2005) Anthropogenic activities along the Hellenic Coasts. In:
Papathanassiou E, Zenetos A (eds) State of the Hellenic Marine
Environment, HCMR, Athens
Azzurro E, Matiddi M, Fanelli E, Guidetti P, La Mesa G, Scarpato A,
Axiak V (2010) Sewage pollution impact on Mediterranean rockyreef fish assemblages. Mar Environ Res 69:390–397
Berman T, Townsend DW, El Sayed S., Trees CC, Azov Y (1984) Optical transparency, chlorophyll and primary productivity in the Eastern Mediterranean near the Israeli coast. Oceanol Acta 7:367–371
Berman T, Walline PD, Schneller A, Rothenberg J, Townsend DW
(1985) Secchi disk depth record: A claim for the eastern Mediterranean. Limnol Oceanogr 30:447–448
Brzezinski MA (1985) The Si:C:N ratio of marine diatoms: interspecific variability and the effect of some environment variables. J
Phycol 15:305–311
Carpenter JH (1965a) The accuracy of the Winkler method for the dissolved oxygen analysis. Limnol Oceanogr 10:135–140
Carpenter JH (1965b) The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for dissolved oxygen method. Limnol Oceanogr 10:141 -14
Dassenakis M, Kapiris K, Pavlidou A (2000) The Aegean Sea: In:
Sheppard Ch (ed) Seas at the Millenium: Environmental Evaluation
1:233–252
Dowidar NM (1984) Phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity
of the southeastern Mediterranean. Deep-Sea Res 31:983–1000
EU Water Framwework Directives (2000) Intergrated river basin management for Europe. Directive 2000/60/EC of the Eurpoean Parliament and the Council establishing a framework for the community
action in the field of water policy. ec.europa.eu/environment/water/
water-framework/. Accessed 29 Oct 2013
Faganeli J (1981) Nutrient Dynamics in seawater column in the vicinity
of Piran submarine sewage outfall (North Adriatic). Marine Pollut
Bull 13:61–66
Firfilionis G, Paraskevopoulou V, Vilioti G, Dassenakis M (2004) The
removal of trace metals at the wastewater treatment plant of Psyttalia. Med Mar Sci 5:71–81
Goldman JC (1976) Identification of nitrogen as a growth-limiting
nutrient in waste-waters and coastal marine waters through continuous culture algal assays. Water Res 10:97–104
Herut B, Almogi-Labin A, Jannink N, Gertman I (2000) The seasonal
dynamics of nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations on the SE
Mediterranean shelf-slope. Oceanol Acta 23:771–782
Karydis M (1999) Evaluation of the trophic levels in Greek coastal ecosystems. Lesvos Island. Univ. of Aegean, Scientific Report, Greece
Kontoyiannis H (2010) Observations on the circulation of Saronikos
Gulf: a Mediterranean embayment sea-border of Athens/Greece. J
Geophys Res 115, C06029, 23 pp. doi:10.1029/2008JC005026
Koroleff F (1970) Revised version of “Direct determination of ammonia in natural waters as indophenol blue” Int Con Explor Sea C M
1969/ C:9 ICES information on techniques and methods for sea
water analysis. Interlab Rep 3:19–22
Krom MD, Kress N, Brenner S, Gordon LI (1991) Phosphorus limitation of primary productivity in the E. Mediterranean sea. LimnolOceanogr 36:424–432
Krom MD, Brenner S, Kress N, Neori A, Gordon LI (1992) Nutrient
dynamics and new production in a warm-core eddy from the eastern
Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Res 39:467–480
Krom MD, Brenner S, Kress N, Neori A, Gordon LI (1993) Nutrient
distributions during an annual cycle across a warm-core eddy from
the eastern Mediterranean sea. Deep-Sea Res 40:805–825
McGill DA (1965) The relative supplies of phosphate, nitrate and silicate in the Mediterranean Sea. Comm Int Explor Sci Mer Medit
Rapp PV Reunions 18:734–744
Mullin JB, Riley JP (1955) The colorimetric determination of silicate
with special reference to sea and natural waters. Anal Chim Acta
12:162–176
Murphy J, Riley JP (1962) A modified single solution method for phosphate in natural waters. Anal Chim Acta 12:162–176
Pagou K (2005) Eutrophication in Hellenic coastal areas. In: Papathanassiou E, Zenetos A (eds) State of the Hellenic marine environment. HCMR, Athens pp 127–136
Pagou K, Siokou-Frangou I, Papathanassiou E (2002) Nutrients and
their ratios in relation to eutrophication and HAB occurrence. The
case of Eastern Mediterranean coastal waters. In: Second Workshop
on ‘‘Thresholds of Environmental Sustainability: The case of nutrients’’, 18–19 June, Brussels, Belgium
Pagou K, Varkitzi I, Assimakopoulou G, Konstantinopoulou A (2011)
Phytoplankton distribution and phytoplankton groups in the Inner
Saronikos Gulf in: E. Krasakopoulou (ed), Monitoring of the Inner
Saronikos gulf affected by Psittalia Sewage discharges. HCMR,
final Technical Report, May 2011, 81–112 (in Greek)
Pavlidou A (2010) Nutrients in transitional, coastal (and marine) waters
(GR-SEBI 2010 15). In: National Centre for Environment and
Sustainable Development 2010, European Environmental Agency.
http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/countries/gr/soertopic_view?topic=
biodiversity
Pavlidou A (2012) Nutrient distribution in selected coastal areas of
Aegean Sea (East Mediterranean Sea). J Environ Sci Eng 1:78–88
Pavlidou A, Souvermezoglou E (2006) Nutrients in the Mediterranean
Sea. In: Karageorgis A (ed) Pollution in the Mediterranean sea: An
overview from IASON SSA, Project No:515234– Deliverable 4.1
Pavlidou A, Kontoyiannis H, Psyllidou-Giouranovits R (2004) Trophic
conditions and stoichiometric nutrient balance in the Inner Saronikos Gulf (Central Aegean) Fresen Environ Bull 13:1509–1514