2. Chlorophyll as an Integrative Bioindicator
29
3. Inherent Optical Properties and Constituent Absorption and Scattering
34
4. Instrumentation, Calibration, and Biases
36
5. Examples of Water Reflectance Spectra
38
6. Tank Mesocosm Studies
41
6.1 Phytoplankton density and composition and their effects
on reflectance
41
6.2 Clay suspensions and their effect on reflectance
47
6.3 Clay interactions with phytoplankton
48
7. CDOM Optics and Interference with Chlorophyll Algorithms
51
8. OACs and Reflectance Spectra Along Longitudinal Transects
57
9. The Reflectance Peak Near 700 nm: A Key Optical Feature in
Case 2 Water Chlorophyll Algorithms
59
10. Comparison of Algorithms for Chlorophyll Estimation
62
11. Inverse Models to Relate Inherent Optical Properties and Chlorophyll
Using Reflectance Spectra
72
12. Summary and Recommendations
73
13. Acknowledgements
74
1 4 . R e f e r e n c e s
7 5
Chapter 4
A TOOL FOR INVERSE MODELING OF SPECTRAL MEASUREMENTS
IN DEEP AND SHALLOW WATERS
PETER GEGE AND ANDREAS ALBERT
1. Introduction
81
2. Models
82
2.1 Absorption
82
2.1.1 Water constituents
82
2.1.2 Natural water
84
2.2 Backscattering
84
2.2.1 Pure water
84
2.2.2 Large particles
85
2.2.3 Small particles
85
2.3 Attenuation
85
2.3.1 Diffuse attenuation for downwelling irradiance
85
2.3.2 Diffuse attenuation for upwelling irradiance
86
2.3.3 Attenuation for upwelling radiance
86
2.4 Specular reflectance
87
2.5 Irradiance reflectance
88
2.5.1 Deep water
88
2.5.2 Shallow water
88
2.6 Remote sensing reflectance
89
2.6.1 Deep water
89
2.6.2 Shallow water
89
2.6.3 Above the surface
89
2.7 Bottom reflectance
90
2.8 Downwelling irradiance
91
2.8.1 Above the water surface
91
Table of Contents
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