PV i ¼ I Â τ Â L
PV
i  η pc  K pt  T
ð12:2Þ
where I denotes the total (solar) irradiance (kWh/m
2 /h); τ: array conversion efficiency (¼0.1); L
PV : installation area (m
2 ); ηηpc: running efficiency of power
conditioner (¼0.95); K pt : temperature correction coefficient (¼0.9221 for May to
October, ¼1 for the other months); T: performance ratio (¼0.89). I was taken from
METPV-2 database. L
PV is defined as
L
PV
i ¼ L i  ξ  ι  1= cos ψ
ð12:3Þ
where ξ denotes the building-to-land ratio; ι: possible area of installation on the roof
(¼0.3); ψ: optimal angle of inclination (¼30
). L i was projected using our land-use
model.
The introduction of EVs has the potential to reduce both direct and indirect
emissions by gasoline use. Instead, indirect emissions for electricity use would
increase for the battery charge of EVs. As to the introduction of PVs, the indirect
emissions could be reduced because people would save electricity which was
supplied by the electric power company.
The outline of scenarios which could be assessed by our integrated CO 2 emissions evaluation system is described in Fig. 12.5. This evaluation system can be
used as a decision support system for evaluation of CO 2 emissions under land-use
scenarios considering climate mitigation and flood risk adaptation.
12.3 The Case Study
12.3.1 Scenario Building for the Tokyo Metropolitan Area
in 2050
The base year for the projection was 2005, while 2050 was set as the target year by
taking into account the reliability of projection results. The study area is shown in
Table 12.4 CO 2 emission
rate of EVs
Transportation method
CO 2 emissions (gCO 2 /km)
General gasoline car
136.0
a
EV (Lief)
62.1
b
EV (i-MiEV)
55.1
c
a
Calculated from Fuel consumption: 17.0 km/L (MLIT 2012)
b
Calculated from AC power consumption rate: 124 Wh/km
(Nissan 2012)
c
Calculated from AC power consumption rate: 110 Wh/km
(Mitsubishi 2012) (JC08 mode)
All calculations are based on uniquely estimated CO 2 emission
factors after the Great East Japan Earthquake (2011):
0.50 kgCO 2 /kWh
252
K. Nakamichi et al.
PV
i  η pc  K pt  T
ð12:2Þ
where I denotes the total (solar) irradiance (kWh/m
2 /h); τ: array conversion efficiency (¼0.1); L
PV : installation area (m
2 ); ηηpc: running efficiency of power
conditioner (¼0.95); K pt : temperature correction coefficient (¼0.9221 for May to
October, ¼1 for the other months); T: performance ratio (¼0.89). I was taken from
METPV-2 database. L
PV is defined as
L
PV
i ¼ L i  ξ  ι  1= cos ψ
ð12:3Þ
where ξ denotes the building-to-land ratio; ι: possible area of installation on the roof
(¼0.3); ψ: optimal angle of inclination (¼30
). L i was projected using our land-use
model.
The introduction of EVs has the potential to reduce both direct and indirect
emissions by gasoline use. Instead, indirect emissions for electricity use would
increase for the battery charge of EVs. As to the introduction of PVs, the indirect
emissions could be reduced because people would save electricity which was
supplied by the electric power company.
The outline of scenarios which could be assessed by our integrated CO 2 emissions evaluation system is described in Fig. 12.5. This evaluation system can be
used as a decision support system for evaluation of CO 2 emissions under land-use
scenarios considering climate mitigation and flood risk adaptation.
12.3 The Case Study
12.3.1 Scenario Building for the Tokyo Metropolitan Area
in 2050
The base year for the projection was 2005, while 2050 was set as the target year by
taking into account the reliability of projection results. The study area is shown in
Table 12.4 CO 2 emission
rate of EVs
Transportation method
CO 2 emissions (gCO 2 /km)
General gasoline car
136.0
a
EV (Lief)
62.1
b
EV (i-MiEV)
55.1
c
a
Calculated from Fuel consumption: 17.0 km/L (MLIT 2012)
b
Calculated from AC power consumption rate: 124 Wh/km
(Nissan 2012)
c
Calculated from AC power consumption rate: 110 Wh/km
(Mitsubishi 2012) (JC08 mode)
All calculations are based on uniquely estimated CO 2 emission
factors after the Great East Japan Earthquake (2011):
0.50 kgCO 2 /kWh
252
K. Nakamichi et al.