a set of variables which describe a real urban economy such as distribution of
locators (households), distribution of land rent and building floor rent, land and
building floor area, etc. The detailed mathematical description of our model and the
input data is given in Yamagata and Seya (2013) and Yamagata et al. (2013). The
ratio of detached houses was estimated using the projected population density using
the relationship shown in Fig. 12.3.
12.2.3 Integrated CO 2 Emission Evaluation System
The structure of our integrated CO 2 emission evaluation system is seen in Fig. 12.4.
We can use HES data not only for the estimation of CO 2 emissions but also for the
estimation of energy demand. Energy demand change can be projected even if EVs
and PVs will be introduced. The installable area of roofs depends on the supplydemand balance of buildings which is provided by the land-use model. The details
are given in Nakamichi et al. (2013b).
As to EVs, the CO 2 emission rate could be estimated as shown in Table 12.4. In
order to consider the change of percentage of the electricity supply source (from
nuclear to thermal) after the Great East Japan Earthquake, we calculated the CO 2
emission factor from April 2011 to March 2012 to be 0.50 (kgCO 2 /kWh) using the
reports of the federation of electric power companies of Japan.
As to PVs, we assumed that PVs were installed on the roofs of all detached
houses in the study area. Following Yokoi et al. (2010), the hourly average of unit
electric supply by PVs (kWh/h) can be estimated as
Fig. 12.2 Structure of our spatially explicit land-use model
250
K. Nakamichi et al.
locators (households), distribution of land rent and building floor rent, land and
building floor area, etc. The detailed mathematical description of our model and the
input data is given in Yamagata and Seya (2013) and Yamagata et al. (2013). The
ratio of detached houses was estimated using the projected population density using
the relationship shown in Fig. 12.3.
12.2.3 Integrated CO 2 Emission Evaluation System
The structure of our integrated CO 2 emission evaluation system is seen in Fig. 12.4.
We can use HES data not only for the estimation of CO 2 emissions but also for the
estimation of energy demand. Energy demand change can be projected even if EVs
and PVs will be introduced. The installable area of roofs depends on the supplydemand balance of buildings which is provided by the land-use model. The details
are given in Nakamichi et al. (2013b).
As to EVs, the CO 2 emission rate could be estimated as shown in Table 12.4. In
order to consider the change of percentage of the electricity supply source (from
nuclear to thermal) after the Great East Japan Earthquake, we calculated the CO 2
emission factor from April 2011 to March 2012 to be 0.50 (kgCO 2 /kWh) using the
reports of the federation of electric power companies of Japan.
As to PVs, we assumed that PVs were installed on the roofs of all detached
houses in the study area. Following Yokoi et al. (2010), the hourly average of unit
electric supply by PVs (kWh/h) can be estimated as
Fig. 12.2 Structure of our spatially explicit land-use model
250
K. Nakamichi et al.