13.9 Chlorophyll Fluorescence........................................................................................... 381
13.9.1 Types of Fluorometers ............................................................................... 382
13.9.2 Applications of the Fluorometers to Detect Stress ................................... 384
13.10 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 385
13.11 Climate Control in the Twenty-First Century, the Reliable Way the Guarantee
the Food Supply ......................................................................................................... 385
13.11.1 The Last Decade......................................................................................... 386
13.11.2 Greenhouse ................................................................................................. 386
13.11.3 Optimal Control.......................................................................................... 389
13.11.4 Modeling ..................................................................................................... 389
13.11.5 Controllers................................................................................................... 392
References................................................................................................................................ 394
13.1 Introduction
Nowadays, there exist several threats around the world that cause catastrophic
damages in the planet. One of the most important menaces is the lack of food that
affects the health of people around the world. Animals and plants need food to
survive, the survival insurance of both will help to ensure the food production and
by consequence the aliment for each person around the world, which is a priority
issue in all countries. At the present time, the food production has been affected
more drastically by several biotic and abiotic factors that day by day diminish the
quantity and quality of the worldwide food; this menaces the food security,
principally in less developed countries. According to FAO on 2013, there exist 868
millions of persons suffering malnutrition around the world and the most of them
millions are found in Asian and African countries; nonetheless, the highest percentage is concentrated in Africa (FAO 2013), where exists countries that has
65 % with nutrition problems. In order to battle this factors that decrease the
quality and quantity of aliment around the world, the agriculture has incorporated
technology that goes from employing simple sensors such as temperature sensors
to sophisticated instruments such as phytomonitor. The use of technology in
agriculture is commonly called precision agriculture and its goal is, by monitoring
variables affecting the final production and quality of the plants, to increase the
quantity and quality of the food production and by consequence decrease the
affection provoked by the abiotic and biotic factors. The process going from
sowing to having a product ready to be sold, has several stages that must be
carefully monitored to ensure a product of high quality ready to be consumed; to
reach this, the plant need to be monitored during the sow-to-ripening and postharvesting processes; to do this, several kinds of technology and techniques has
been used, one of them is the image processing by employing vision systems.
There exist several physiological phenomena which are manifested by visible
changes in the plants such as: yellowing, deformation, darkness, or white-spotting
of the plant leaves due to nutritional deficiencies or due to viral, bacterial of fungal
pathogens principally (Contreras-Medina et al. 2012). Several physiological
variables of the plant could be monitored by image processing such as estomatic
364
M. S. Acosta-Navarrete et al.
13.9.1 Types of Fluorometers ............................................................................... 382
13.9.2 Applications of the Fluorometers to Detect Stress ................................... 384
13.10 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 385
13.11 Climate Control in the Twenty-First Century, the Reliable Way the Guarantee
the Food Supply ......................................................................................................... 385
13.11.1 The Last Decade......................................................................................... 386
13.11.2 Greenhouse ................................................................................................. 386
13.11.3 Optimal Control.......................................................................................... 389
13.11.4 Modeling ..................................................................................................... 389
13.11.5 Controllers................................................................................................... 392
References................................................................................................................................ 394
13.1 Introduction
Nowadays, there exist several threats around the world that cause catastrophic
damages in the planet. One of the most important menaces is the lack of food that
affects the health of people around the world. Animals and plants need food to
survive, the survival insurance of both will help to ensure the food production and
by consequence the aliment for each person around the world, which is a priority
issue in all countries. At the present time, the food production has been affected
more drastically by several biotic and abiotic factors that day by day diminish the
quantity and quality of the worldwide food; this menaces the food security,
principally in less developed countries. According to FAO on 2013, there exist 868
millions of persons suffering malnutrition around the world and the most of them
millions are found in Asian and African countries; nonetheless, the highest percentage is concentrated in Africa (FAO 2013), where exists countries that has
65 % with nutrition problems. In order to battle this factors that decrease the
quality and quantity of aliment around the world, the agriculture has incorporated
technology that goes from employing simple sensors such as temperature sensors
to sophisticated instruments such as phytomonitor. The use of technology in
agriculture is commonly called precision agriculture and its goal is, by monitoring
variables affecting the final production and quality of the plants, to increase the
quantity and quality of the food production and by consequence decrease the
affection provoked by the abiotic and biotic factors. The process going from
sowing to having a product ready to be sold, has several stages that must be
carefully monitored to ensure a product of high quality ready to be consumed; to
reach this, the plant need to be monitored during the sow-to-ripening and postharvesting processes; to do this, several kinds of technology and techniques has
been used, one of them is the image processing by employing vision systems.
There exist several physiological phenomena which are manifested by visible
changes in the plants such as: yellowing, deformation, darkness, or white-spotting
of the plant leaves due to nutritional deficiencies or due to viral, bacterial of fungal
pathogens principally (Contreras-Medina et al. 2012). Several physiological
variables of the plant could be monitored by image processing such as estomatic
364
M. S. Acosta-Navarrete et al.