anaerobic fermentation of the agricultural residues. These examples indicate that
SSF dry solids can be quite helpful in the design and operation of biorefineries.
11.7.4 SSF Solids as Feed Additives
Castor beans (Ricinus communis) are being considered in Brazil by PETROBRAS
as an alternative raw material for biodiesel production but the cake, obtained after
oil extraction, has toxic compounds that forbids its use as a feedstuff. Godoy et al.
(2011) showed that SSF with Penicillium simplissimus detoxified this cake and
produced lipases that can be used in the formulation of a variety of animal diets.
So it seems possible to integrate SSF lipase production, with a final disposal of
detoxified castor bean cake as a feedstuff additive.
SSF solids rich in phytases are used as poultry feed additive in order to reduce
the load of phytates that hinder phosphate absorption in cereals (Wu et al. 2004).
This additive is produced in Ciudad Serdán (Puebla State, Mexico) by Alltech de
México SA de CV (2013) and uses proprietary tray technology. They claim that
their product called Allzyme SSF
Ò is a mixture of seven enzymes that help to
increase feed efficiencies in poultry or pigs.
Therefore, the use of SSF, initiated at the beginning of the twentieth century as
an adaptation of koji fermentation to starch processing industry, is being reconsidered in the fields of fine chemicals, biofuel, and feed industries.
11.7.5 Mass Balance Between Production and Use
of SSF Solids
An interesting industrial problem is the mass balance between a fermentation unit
producing crude enzyme extracts and the reaction unit transforming raw materials
into final products. For example, SSF solids (wet or dry) blended with cereal
mashes for the production of sugars.
The analysis of this problem requires a few definitions such as the number of
annual batches of the fermentation unit, n F , and the reaction unit, n R . Each fermentation batch is loaded with, Q, kilograms of biodegradable dry mass (starch,
cellulose or hemicellulose), and is run through an average operational time of t F
(hours). The resulting crude extract (SSF solids) has an enzyme titer, E S (IU
kg M
-1 ), and is used in the reaction unit for the production of DP kilograms
(sugars) for an average reaction time, t F (h). The mass balance has a frequency
factor 1/s = t F /(t R )
2 , and is given by Eq. (11.8).
QE S s ¼ DP
ð11:8Þ
The time factor, s, includes the ratio, t R /t F , in order to balance the timetable of
fermentation and reaction units and is multiplied by t R which is the reaction time to
11 New Horizons for the Production of Industrial Enzymes
335
SSF dry solids can be quite helpful in the design and operation of biorefineries.
11.7.4 SSF Solids as Feed Additives
Castor beans (Ricinus communis) are being considered in Brazil by PETROBRAS
as an alternative raw material for biodiesel production but the cake, obtained after
oil extraction, has toxic compounds that forbids its use as a feedstuff. Godoy et al.
(2011) showed that SSF with Penicillium simplissimus detoxified this cake and
produced lipases that can be used in the formulation of a variety of animal diets.
So it seems possible to integrate SSF lipase production, with a final disposal of
detoxified castor bean cake as a feedstuff additive.
SSF solids rich in phytases are used as poultry feed additive in order to reduce
the load of phytates that hinder phosphate absorption in cereals (Wu et al. 2004).
This additive is produced in Ciudad Serdán (Puebla State, Mexico) by Alltech de
México SA de CV (2013) and uses proprietary tray technology. They claim that
their product called Allzyme SSF
Ò is a mixture of seven enzymes that help to
increase feed efficiencies in poultry or pigs.
Therefore, the use of SSF, initiated at the beginning of the twentieth century as
an adaptation of koji fermentation to starch processing industry, is being reconsidered in the fields of fine chemicals, biofuel, and feed industries.
11.7.5 Mass Balance Between Production and Use
of SSF Solids
An interesting industrial problem is the mass balance between a fermentation unit
producing crude enzyme extracts and the reaction unit transforming raw materials
into final products. For example, SSF solids (wet or dry) blended with cereal
mashes for the production of sugars.
The analysis of this problem requires a few definitions such as the number of
annual batches of the fermentation unit, n F , and the reaction unit, n R . Each fermentation batch is loaded with, Q, kilograms of biodegradable dry mass (starch,
cellulose or hemicellulose), and is run through an average operational time of t F
(hours). The resulting crude extract (SSF solids) has an enzyme titer, E S (IU
kg M
-1 ), and is used in the reaction unit for the production of DP kilograms
(sugars) for an average reaction time, t F (h). The mass balance has a frequency
factor 1/s = t F /(t R )
2 , and is given by Eq. (11.8).
QE S s ¼ DP
ð11:8Þ
The time factor, s, includes the ratio, t R /t F , in order to balance the timetable of
fermentation and reaction units and is multiplied by t R which is the reaction time to
11 New Horizons for the Production of Industrial Enzymes
335