the differentiation of preadipocytes (Ogawa et al. 2010). In addition, in vivo and
in vitro study on HepG2 cells and HF diet-induced obese mice showed that A.
triphylla extract (oriental medicinal) has antioxidant, antiobese, and hypocholesterolaemic effects, and that these hypocholesterolaemic effects may be achieved by
multiple mechanisms, including cholesterol reduction, degradation and biosynthesis, and increase in LDL uptake (Table 10.1) (Choi et al. 2010).
Other dietary factors such as safflower oil are likely to participate in obesity
prevention by modulating mRNA levels of PPARa, Orexin, and Ghrelin gene
expression of adipocytes in mice (Zhang et al. 2010). The CLOCK gene has been
implicated in weight reduction in obese patients participating in a Mediterranean
dietary program based on a relationship between CLOCK gene polymorphisms and
obesity (Garaulet et al. 2010). Also, the mediterranean diet protected against waist
circumference enlargement in 12Ala (pro 12Ala polymorphism) carriers for the
PPARc gene in a 2-year follow-up study of 774 subjects at high cardiovascular risk
(Razquin et al. 2009).
Recent data show that hot water soluble solids, rich complement of polyphenols, from fermented rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) inhibit adipogenesis and affect
adipocyte metabolism (Sanderson et al. 2013). Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes
with the rooibos soluble solids inhibited intracellular lipid accumulation. Inhibition of adipogenesis was accompanied by decreased messenger RNA (mRNA)
expression of PPARc, PPARc, Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Transcription
Factor 1 (SREBF1), and FASN, suggesting its potential in preventing obesity.
Furthermore, the administration of Apple Polyphenols (AP) protects against body
weight gain and fat deposition and improves glucose tolerance in rats, leading to
reduced Lep, Plin, and SREBF1 mRNA levels and increased Aquaporin 7 (Aqp7),
Adipocyte Enhancer-Binding Protein 1 (Aebp1), and Peroxisome ProliferatorActivated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1 Alpha (Ppargc1a) mRNA levels in
epididymal adipocytes (Boqué et al. 2013). Oils rich in phenols, whether natural
(Virgin Olive Oil, VOO) or artificially added (SOP), (compared with sunflower
seed oil), reduce postprandial inflammation of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear
Cells (PBMCs) by activating nuclear NF-jB increasing cytosolic concentration of
the NF-jB inhibitor (IjB-a), the mRNA levels of NF-jB subunits and activators
(p65, IKKb, and IKKa) and other inflammatory molecules (TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6,
MIF, and JNK), and lipopolysaccharide levels (Perez-Herrera et al. 2012).
On the other hand, a dose-dependent effect of oat cereal b-glucan on improving
metabolic indexes of obesity in mice has been reported (Lin et al. 2013). Dosedependent relation was observed on oat b-glucan and body weight change, average
energy intake, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, plasma neural peptide Y, arcuate
neural peptide Y mRNA, and Y receptor 2 mRNA levels.
Long-term dietary restriction (5 months) influences plasma ghrelin and Ghrelin-O-Acyltransferase (GOAT) mRNA, a satiety hormone, level in rats (Reimer
et al. 2010). The adult dietary restriction (DR) rats gained less weight over
5 months and had lower fat mass than adult Ad Libitum (AL) rats. DR downregulated proglucagon and cholecystokinin mRNA in the duodenum and ghrelin
306
R. Campos-Vega et al.
in vitro study on HepG2 cells and HF diet-induced obese mice showed that A.
triphylla extract (oriental medicinal) has antioxidant, antiobese, and hypocholesterolaemic effects, and that these hypocholesterolaemic effects may be achieved by
multiple mechanisms, including cholesterol reduction, degradation and biosynthesis, and increase in LDL uptake (Table 10.1) (Choi et al. 2010).
Other dietary factors such as safflower oil are likely to participate in obesity
prevention by modulating mRNA levels of PPARa, Orexin, and Ghrelin gene
expression of adipocytes in mice (Zhang et al. 2010). The CLOCK gene has been
implicated in weight reduction in obese patients participating in a Mediterranean
dietary program based on a relationship between CLOCK gene polymorphisms and
obesity (Garaulet et al. 2010). Also, the mediterranean diet protected against waist
circumference enlargement in 12Ala (pro 12Ala polymorphism) carriers for the
PPARc gene in a 2-year follow-up study of 774 subjects at high cardiovascular risk
(Razquin et al. 2009).
Recent data show that hot water soluble solids, rich complement of polyphenols, from fermented rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) inhibit adipogenesis and affect
adipocyte metabolism (Sanderson et al. 2013). Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes
with the rooibos soluble solids inhibited intracellular lipid accumulation. Inhibition of adipogenesis was accompanied by decreased messenger RNA (mRNA)
expression of PPARc, PPARc, Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Transcription
Factor 1 (SREBF1), and FASN, suggesting its potential in preventing obesity.
Furthermore, the administration of Apple Polyphenols (AP) protects against body
weight gain and fat deposition and improves glucose tolerance in rats, leading to
reduced Lep, Plin, and SREBF1 mRNA levels and increased Aquaporin 7 (Aqp7),
Adipocyte Enhancer-Binding Protein 1 (Aebp1), and Peroxisome ProliferatorActivated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1 Alpha (Ppargc1a) mRNA levels in
epididymal adipocytes (Boqué et al. 2013). Oils rich in phenols, whether natural
(Virgin Olive Oil, VOO) or artificially added (SOP), (compared with sunflower
seed oil), reduce postprandial inflammation of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear
Cells (PBMCs) by activating nuclear NF-jB increasing cytosolic concentration of
the NF-jB inhibitor (IjB-a), the mRNA levels of NF-jB subunits and activators
(p65, IKKb, and IKKa) and other inflammatory molecules (TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6,
MIF, and JNK), and lipopolysaccharide levels (Perez-Herrera et al. 2012).
On the other hand, a dose-dependent effect of oat cereal b-glucan on improving
metabolic indexes of obesity in mice has been reported (Lin et al. 2013). Dosedependent relation was observed on oat b-glucan and body weight change, average
energy intake, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, plasma neural peptide Y, arcuate
neural peptide Y mRNA, and Y receptor 2 mRNA levels.
Long-term dietary restriction (5 months) influences plasma ghrelin and Ghrelin-O-Acyltransferase (GOAT) mRNA, a satiety hormone, level in rats (Reimer
et al. 2010). The adult dietary restriction (DR) rats gained less weight over
5 months and had lower fat mass than adult Ad Libitum (AL) rats. DR downregulated proglucagon and cholecystokinin mRNA in the duodenum and ghrelin
306
R. Campos-Vega et al.