mean also lower harvesting costs. Moreover, lower investment costs in bioreactor
material will be necessary and the use of renewable energy can help to lower
energy usage and costs.
As mentioned above, microalgae contain a broad range of products, and it would
benefit the economical cost calculation marvellously when more or all of these
possible products can be obtained. To be able to do this, new techniques for
extraction are necessary. Currently, the focus has been on obtaining a single product,
therefore the extraction techniques used were only focused on this one product and
hence damaging the other possible products inside the cell. Development is necessary in the field of biorefinery, for which a proposition for a biorefinery process is
made based on mild techniques (Vanthoor-Koopmans et al. 2013).
References
Abalde J, Cid A, Fidalgo P, Torres y E, Herreno C (1995) Microalgas: cultivo y aplicaciones.
Universidad de Coruña, España, p 210
Acién FG, Fernández Sevilla JM, Sánchez Pérez JA, Molina Grima E, Chisti Y (2001) Airliftdriven external-loop tubular photobioreactors for outdoor production of microalgae:
assessment of design and performance. Chem Eng Sci 56:2721–2732
Bandarra NM, Pereira PA, Batista I, Vilela MH (2003) Fatty acids, sterols and a tocopherol in
Isochrysis galbana. J Food Lipids 18:25–34
Basurto-Peña F (2009) Capítulo 2: El Tecuítlatl o Espirulina (Arthrospira máxima Setchell and
Gardner): Alimento prehispánico con potencial al futuro. En: Etnoficología Aplicada: Estudio
de casos en relación a la salud y la alimentación en ambientes rurales y urbanos. Ed. P. M.
Arenas. CYTED, Programa Iberoamericano Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo. 47–68
Becker EW (1994) Microalgae biotechnology and microbiology. University Press, Cambridge,
p 293
Becker W (2004) Microalgae in human and animal nutrition. In: Richmond A (ed) Handbook of
microalgal culture. Blackwell, Oxford, p 312–351
Becker EW (2007) Micro-algae as a source of protein. Biotechnol Adv 25(2007):207–210
Ben-Amotz A, Avron M (1980) Glicerol, b-carotene and dry algal meal production by
commercial cultivation of Dunaliella. In: Shelef G, Soeder CJ (eds) Algae biomass. Elsevier/
North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, pp 603–610
Benemann J, Oswald W (1996) Systems and economic analysis of microalgae ponds for
conversion of CO2 to biomass. Final report to the US Department of Energy. Pittsburgh
Energy Technology Center
Bosma R, van Spronsen WA, Tramper J, Wijffels RH (2003) Ultrasound, a new separation
technique to harvest microalgae. J Appl Phycol 15:143–153
Brennan L, Owende P (2010) Biofuels from microalgae a review of technologies for production,
processing and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renew Sustain Energy Rev
14(2):557–577
Carvalho AP, Meireles LA, Malcata FX (2006) Microalgae reactors: a review of enclosed system
designs and performances. Biotechnol Prog 22:1490–1506
Chen YM, Liu JC, Ju YH (1998) Flotation removal of algae from water. Colloid Surf B 12:49–55
Cheng-Wu Z, Zmora O, Kopel R, Richmond A (2001) An industrial-size flate plate glass reactor
for mass production of Nannochloropsis sp. (Eustigmatophyceae). Aquaculture 195:35–49
272
M. Vanthoor-Koopmans et al.
material will be necessary and the use of renewable energy can help to lower
energy usage and costs.
As mentioned above, microalgae contain a broad range of products, and it would
benefit the economical cost calculation marvellously when more or all of these
possible products can be obtained. To be able to do this, new techniques for
extraction are necessary. Currently, the focus has been on obtaining a single product,
therefore the extraction techniques used were only focused on this one product and
hence damaging the other possible products inside the cell. Development is necessary in the field of biorefinery, for which a proposition for a biorefinery process is
made based on mild techniques (Vanthoor-Koopmans et al. 2013).
References
Abalde J, Cid A, Fidalgo P, Torres y E, Herreno C (1995) Microalgas: cultivo y aplicaciones.
Universidad de Coruña, España, p 210
Acién FG, Fernández Sevilla JM, Sánchez Pérez JA, Molina Grima E, Chisti Y (2001) Airliftdriven external-loop tubular photobioreactors for outdoor production of microalgae:
assessment of design and performance. Chem Eng Sci 56:2721–2732
Bandarra NM, Pereira PA, Batista I, Vilela MH (2003) Fatty acids, sterols and a tocopherol in
Isochrysis galbana. J Food Lipids 18:25–34
Basurto-Peña F (2009) Capítulo 2: El Tecuítlatl o Espirulina (Arthrospira máxima Setchell and
Gardner): Alimento prehispánico con potencial al futuro. En: Etnoficología Aplicada: Estudio
de casos en relación a la salud y la alimentación en ambientes rurales y urbanos. Ed. P. M.
Arenas. CYTED, Programa Iberoamericano Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo. 47–68
Becker EW (1994) Microalgae biotechnology and microbiology. University Press, Cambridge,
p 293
Becker W (2004) Microalgae in human and animal nutrition. In: Richmond A (ed) Handbook of
microalgal culture. Blackwell, Oxford, p 312–351
Becker EW (2007) Micro-algae as a source of protein. Biotechnol Adv 25(2007):207–210
Ben-Amotz A, Avron M (1980) Glicerol, b-carotene and dry algal meal production by
commercial cultivation of Dunaliella. In: Shelef G, Soeder CJ (eds) Algae biomass. Elsevier/
North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, pp 603–610
Benemann J, Oswald W (1996) Systems and economic analysis of microalgae ponds for
conversion of CO2 to biomass. Final report to the US Department of Energy. Pittsburgh
Energy Technology Center
Bosma R, van Spronsen WA, Tramper J, Wijffels RH (2003) Ultrasound, a new separation
technique to harvest microalgae. J Appl Phycol 15:143–153
Brennan L, Owende P (2010) Biofuels from microalgae a review of technologies for production,
processing and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renew Sustain Energy Rev
14(2):557–577
Carvalho AP, Meireles LA, Malcata FX (2006) Microalgae reactors: a review of enclosed system
designs and performances. Biotechnol Prog 22:1490–1506
Chen YM, Liu JC, Ju YH (1998) Flotation removal of algae from water. Colloid Surf B 12:49–55
Cheng-Wu Z, Zmora O, Kopel R, Richmond A (2001) An industrial-size flate plate glass reactor
for mass production of Nannochloropsis sp. (Eustigmatophyceae). Aquaculture 195:35–49
272
M. Vanthoor-Koopmans et al.