2011). Stadler and Sterner (1998) reported that ethyl acetates extracts of sporomes
of the EEMs Chroogomphus rutilus, Hydnum rufescens, Lactarius deterrimus,
L. necator, L. torminosus, L. trivialis, L. vellereus, Russula albonigra, Tricholoma
flavovirens, and T. ustale had a nematicidal effect against the model roundworm
Caenorhabditis elegans. The bioactivity of some of these extracts was increased as
a response to physical injury of sporomes for some species, emerging the possibility that chemical defense systems, mediated by enzymatic conversions, might be
activated by mechanical damage. These authors observed, for example, an increase
in the production of linoleic acid and S-coriolic acid in the case of T. terreum, and
of fatty acids in the case of L. amethystina as a consequence of physical damage to
the sporomes, and in parallel, a more evident nematicide effect was recorded. Also,
nematicide activities of EEMs were reported by Chen et al. (2010a, b, c). These
authors recorded strong toxicity of fermentation filtrates of: (i) Amanita excelsa
against Aphelenchoides basseyi and Meloidogyne incognita, and (ii) Russula
sanguinea and R. alutacea against the plant pathogenic nematodes A. basseyi,
Heterodera glycines, and M. incognita. In this last case, the authors carried out a
purification of the fermentation filtrates due to their strong nematicide effect.
Anti-phytopathogenic Stadler and Sterner (1998) reported that ethyl acetates
extracts of sporomes of the EEMs Albatrellus ovinus, Gomphidius glutinosus,
Hebeloma mesophaeum, L. necator, L. rufus, L. torminosus, L. trivialis, L. vellereus,
Paxillus involutus, Peziza badia, and T. saponaceum had antimicrobial effect
against the plant pathogen Nematospora coryli, which originates stigmatomycosis, a
fungal disease that occurs in crops, such as cotton, soybean, pecan, pomegranate,
citrus, and pistachio. Similarly than in the case of the nematicidal effect reported by
these authors, an increase in the antifungal activity was observed when there was a
mechanical damage of the sporomes and this was associated with a higher bioactivity. Parada et al. (2011, 2012) demonstrated that water extract from substrate
where the edible mushroom L. decastes was cultivated was effective in the reduction
of fungal and bacterial diseases of cucumber plants, including mildew, angular leaf
spot, scab, and anthracnose caused by Podosphaera xanthii, Pseudomonas syringae
pv. lachrymans and Cladosporium cucumerinum, and Colletotrichum orbiculare,
respectively. Chari et al. (2012) demonstrated that phenolic compounds produced in
culture broth of the EEM Pisolithus sp., originally associated with the legume tree
Acacia mangium had a potent inhibitory effect on the phytopathogen Fusarium sp.
Recently, Wang et al. (2013a, b) carried out the purification and characterization of a
novel lectin from the wild mushroom P. involutus, which manifested antiphytovirus
activity toward tobacco mosaic virus (known as TMV) with a 70.61 % inhibition at
a concentration of 200 lg/mL. Toyota and Hostettmann (1990) isolated and characterized a diterpenic ester with antifungal activity against the formation of spores
of C. cucumerinum, a pathogen that affects cucumbers, from the EEM Boletinus
cavipes. They called this bioactive compound as cavipetin. Mucha et al. (2009)
demonstrated that culture filtrates of the EEM S. bovinus are able to suppress in vitro
the growth of the most economically important forest pathogen in the Northern
Hemisphere: Heterobasidion annosum which is responsible for the loss of one
billion U.S. dollars annually. The culture filtrates of S. bovinus are able to affect the
196
J. Pérez-Moreno and M. Martínez-Reyes
of the EEMs Chroogomphus rutilus, Hydnum rufescens, Lactarius deterrimus,
L. necator, L. torminosus, L. trivialis, L. vellereus, Russula albonigra, Tricholoma
flavovirens, and T. ustale had a nematicidal effect against the model roundworm
Caenorhabditis elegans. The bioactivity of some of these extracts was increased as
a response to physical injury of sporomes for some species, emerging the possibility that chemical defense systems, mediated by enzymatic conversions, might be
activated by mechanical damage. These authors observed, for example, an increase
in the production of linoleic acid and S-coriolic acid in the case of T. terreum, and
of fatty acids in the case of L. amethystina as a consequence of physical damage to
the sporomes, and in parallel, a more evident nematicide effect was recorded. Also,
nematicide activities of EEMs were reported by Chen et al. (2010a, b, c). These
authors recorded strong toxicity of fermentation filtrates of: (i) Amanita excelsa
against Aphelenchoides basseyi and Meloidogyne incognita, and (ii) Russula
sanguinea and R. alutacea against the plant pathogenic nematodes A. basseyi,
Heterodera glycines, and M. incognita. In this last case, the authors carried out a
purification of the fermentation filtrates due to their strong nematicide effect.
Anti-phytopathogenic Stadler and Sterner (1998) reported that ethyl acetates
extracts of sporomes of the EEMs Albatrellus ovinus, Gomphidius glutinosus,
Hebeloma mesophaeum, L. necator, L. rufus, L. torminosus, L. trivialis, L. vellereus,
Paxillus involutus, Peziza badia, and T. saponaceum had antimicrobial effect
against the plant pathogen Nematospora coryli, which originates stigmatomycosis, a
fungal disease that occurs in crops, such as cotton, soybean, pecan, pomegranate,
citrus, and pistachio. Similarly than in the case of the nematicidal effect reported by
these authors, an increase in the antifungal activity was observed when there was a
mechanical damage of the sporomes and this was associated with a higher bioactivity. Parada et al. (2011, 2012) demonstrated that water extract from substrate
where the edible mushroom L. decastes was cultivated was effective in the reduction
of fungal and bacterial diseases of cucumber plants, including mildew, angular leaf
spot, scab, and anthracnose caused by Podosphaera xanthii, Pseudomonas syringae
pv. lachrymans and Cladosporium cucumerinum, and Colletotrichum orbiculare,
respectively. Chari et al. (2012) demonstrated that phenolic compounds produced in
culture broth of the EEM Pisolithus sp., originally associated with the legume tree
Acacia mangium had a potent inhibitory effect on the phytopathogen Fusarium sp.
Recently, Wang et al. (2013a, b) carried out the purification and characterization of a
novel lectin from the wild mushroom P. involutus, which manifested antiphytovirus
activity toward tobacco mosaic virus (known as TMV) with a 70.61 % inhibition at
a concentration of 200 lg/mL. Toyota and Hostettmann (1990) isolated and characterized a diterpenic ester with antifungal activity against the formation of spores
of C. cucumerinum, a pathogen that affects cucumbers, from the EEM Boletinus
cavipes. They called this bioactive compound as cavipetin. Mucha et al. (2009)
demonstrated that culture filtrates of the EEM S. bovinus are able to suppress in vitro
the growth of the most economically important forest pathogen in the Northern
Hemisphere: Heterobasidion annosum which is responsible for the loss of one
billion U.S. dollars annually. The culture filtrates of S. bovinus are able to affect the
196
J. Pérez-Moreno and M. Martínez-Reyes